. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 2.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Virol. 2019 Jan 16;34:70–78. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.002

Table 1.

Methods of CCHFV importation and expansion: selected reports of molecular, serological, or virological detection in human cases (suspected or confirmed), ticks, or animals imported from different countries or within country

Importation via	Imported from^a	Imported to	Detection method	Year	Reference
Human	Rwanda/DRC	Uganda	NR	2018	20180804.5941288^b
	Quetta (Pakistan)	Karachi (Pakistan)	NR	2018	20180609.5847730^b
	Mianwali (Pakistan)	Karachi (Pakistan)	NR	2018	20180526.5820141^b
	Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan)	Islamabad (Pakistan)	NR	2017	20170611.5094216^b
	Oman	India	RT-PCR, serology (IgM)	2016	[36•]
	Afghanistan (9)	Pakistan	NR	2014–2015	[35••]
	Bulgaria	UK	RT-PCR, virus isolation	2014	[40]
	Namibia	South Africa	NR	2014	20140919.2788764^b
	South Sudan	Uganda	RT-PCR	2013	[35••]
	Afghanistan	UK	RT-PCR	2012	[39]
	Balochistan (Pakistan)	Karachi (Pakistan)	NR	2012	20150524.3382053^b
	Afghanistan	Pakistan	NR	2011	20110917.2833^b
	Namibia	South Africa	NR	2010	20100810.2732^b
	Afghanistan	Germany	RT-PCR, serology (IgM/IgG)	2009	[38,19]
	Ҫorum, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Kastamonu, Kýrklareli, Rize, Tokat (2), Yozgat (2)	Istanbul	RT-PCR, serology	2006	[81]
	Senegal	France	RT-PCR, serology	2004	[37,82,83]
	Bulgaria	Germany	NR	2001	[38]
	Zimbabwe	UK	Serology (IgM/IgG)	1997	[41]
	Zaïre (DRC)	South Africa	Virus isolation	1985	[84]
	Tanzania	South Africa	Serology	1986	[84]

Tick	Morocco (on migratory birds coming from central and southern Africa)	Potential for importation into Iberian Peninsula	RT-PCR	2011	[16]
	Sudan/Somalia (on Camels)	Egypt	RT-PCR	2009	[72]
	Somalia (Sheep)	Oman	Ag-ELISA	1996	[85]
	Somalia (Cattle)	UAE	RT-PCR, Ag-ELISA	1994–1995	[86,87]

Livestock	Sudan, Kenya	Egypt	Serology	1996–1997	[88^●]
	Somalia	Oman	Serology, Ag-ELISA	1996	[85]
	Sudan	Saudi Arabia	Serology	1994–1996	[89]
	Turkey	Saudi Arabia	Serology	1994–1996	[89]
	Iran, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan	UAE	Serology	1994–1995	[15]
	Zimbabwe	South Africa	Serology	1985	[12^●]

Reports available at: https://www.promedmail.org. Ag-ELISA, antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; NR, not reported; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Case number in brackets where applicable.

PROMED archive number.