Table 1.
Living in A Food Desert | |||
---|---|---|---|
Yes N=106 |
No N=351 |
P | |
Age (years) | 53.3 ± 13.5 | 56.7 ± 12.0 | 0.01 |
Women | 52 (49.1%) | 130 (37.0%) | 0.03 |
Race | <0.0001 | ||
• White | 17 (16.0%) | 201 (57.3%) | |
• Black | 89 (84.0%) | 141 (40.2% | |
• Asian | 0 (0%) | 6 (1.7%) | |
• Other | 0 (0%) | 3 (0.8%) | |
Insurance | 0.003 | ||
• Commercial | 28 (27.2%) | 158 (45.4%) | |
• Medicare | 55 (53.4%) | 144 (41.4%) | |
• Medicaid | 13 (12.6%) | 17 (4.9%) | |
• Veterans Affairs | 1 (1.0%) | 4 (1.1%) | |
• None | 6 (5.8%) | 25 (7.2%) | |
Education | 0.0003 | ||
• College graduate | 15 (14.6%) | 126 (36.7%) | |
• Some college | 37 (35.9%) | 103 (30.0%) | |
• High school or less | 51 (49.5%) | 114 (33.2%) | |
Living alone | 24 (22.6%) | 68 (19.4%) | 0.5 |
Smoker | 11 (10.4%) | 37 (10.5%) | 0.9 |
Diabetes mellitus | 44 (41.5%) | 144 (41.0%) | 0.9 |
Hypertension | 77 (72.6%) | 218 (62.1%) | 0.04 |
NYHA class | 0.03 | ||
• 1 | 6 (5.8%) | 31 (9.0%) | |
• 2 | 50 (48.1%) | 209 (60.6%) | |
• 3-4 | 48 (46.2%) | 105 (30.4%) | |
Medical therapy | |||
• ACEi/ARB | 73 (68.9%) | 262 (74.6%) | 0.1 |
• Aldosterone antagonists | 51 (48.1%) | 160 (45.6%) | 0.8 |
• Beta-blocker | 86 (81.1%) | 310 (88.3%) | 0.06 |
• Diuretics | 91 (85.9%) | 276 (78.6%) | 0.2 |
• Hydralazine | 44 (42.3%) | 84 (24.5%) | 0.002 |
• Nitrates | 40 (37.7%) | 102 (29.1%) | 0.2 |
Device therapy (ICD or CRT/D) | 62 (59.1%) | 222 (63.6%) | 0.4 |
Ejection fraction (%) | 25.5 ± 14.3 | 28.7 ± 14.2 | 0.04 |
HFpEF | 9 (8.5%) | 41 (11.7%) | 0.4 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.4+ 0.8 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.06 |
Chronic kidney disease stage | 0.08 | ||
• 1-2 | 61 (57.6%) | 221 (63.0%) | |
• 3 | 38 (35.9%) | 122 (34.8%) | |
• 4-5 | 7 (6.6%) | 8 (2.3%) | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 32.9 ± 8.3 | 31.1 +7.7 | 0.04 |
B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/mL)* | 283 (67 – 602) | 147 (52–361) | 0.07 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 109.9 ± 18.2 | 114.5 ± 19.5 | 0.2 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 66.3 ± 12.7 | 69.3 ± 17.2 | 0.3 |
Values are mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or N (%). ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CRT-D, cardiac resynchronization therapy – defibrillator; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
Missing data for N = 179