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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 15.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Cardiol. 2018 Oct 18;123(2):291–296. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.10.004

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the study cohort according to food desert status.

Living in A Food Desert

Yes
N=106
No
N=351
P
Age (years) 53.3 ± 13.5 56.7 ± 12.0 0.01

Women 52 (49.1%) 130 (37.0%) 0.03

Race <0.0001
 • White 17 (16.0%) 201 (57.3%)
 • Black 89 (84.0%) 141 (40.2%
 • Asian 0 (0%) 6 (1.7%)
 • Other 0 (0%) 3 (0.8%)

Insurance 0.003
 • Commercial 28 (27.2%) 158 (45.4%)
 • Medicare 55 (53.4%) 144 (41.4%)
 • Medicaid 13 (12.6%) 17 (4.9%)
 • Veterans Affairs 1 (1.0%) 4 (1.1%)
 • None 6 (5.8%) 25 (7.2%)

Education 0.0003
 • College graduate 15 (14.6%) 126 (36.7%)
 • Some college 37 (35.9%) 103 (30.0%)
 • High school or less 51 (49.5%) 114 (33.2%)

Living alone 24 (22.6%) 68 (19.4%) 0.5

Smoker 11 (10.4%) 37 (10.5%) 0.9

Diabetes mellitus 44 (41.5%) 144 (41.0%) 0.9

Hypertension 77 (72.6%) 218 (62.1%) 0.04

NYHA class 0.03
 • 1 6 (5.8%) 31 (9.0%)
 • 2 50 (48.1%) 209 (60.6%)
 • 3-4 48 (46.2%) 105 (30.4%)

Medical therapy
 • ACEi/ARB 73 (68.9%) 262 (74.6%) 0.1
 • Aldosterone antagonists 51 (48.1%) 160 (45.6%) 0.8
 • Beta-blocker 86 (81.1%) 310 (88.3%) 0.06
 • Diuretics 91 (85.9%) 276 (78.6%) 0.2
 • Hydralazine 44 (42.3%) 84 (24.5%) 0.002
 • Nitrates 40 (37.7%) 102 (29.1%) 0.2

Device therapy (ICD or CRT/D) 62 (59.1%) 222 (63.6%) 0.4

Ejection fraction (%) 25.5 ± 14.3 28.7 ± 14.2 0.04

HFpEF 9 (8.5%) 41 (11.7%) 0.4

Creatinine (mg/dL) 1.4+ 0.8 1.3 ± 0.6 0.06

Chronic kidney disease stage 0.08
 • 1-2 61 (57.6%) 221 (63.0%)
 • 3 38 (35.9%) 122 (34.8%)
 • 4-5 7 (6.6%) 8 (2.3%)

Body mass index (kg/m2) 32.9 ± 8.3 31.1 +7.7 0.04

B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/mL)* 283 (67 – 602) 147 (52–361) 0.07

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) 109.9 ± 18.2 114.5 ± 19.5 0.2

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) 66.3 ± 12.7 69.3 ± 17.2 0.3

Values are mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or N (%). ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CRT-D, cardiac resynchronization therapy – defibrillator; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; NYHA, New York Heart Association.

*

Missing data for N = 179