Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in the UK Biobank sample, UK (n = 51,361), overall and stratified by quartiles of fast-food outlet proportion
| Quartiles of fast-food outlet proportion | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (0–13%) | Q2 (13–17%) | Q3 (17–24%) | Q4 (24–45%) | All | |
| Age, years | 56.5 (8.2) | 55.7 (8.2) | 55.6 (8.2) | 56.0 (8.2) | 56.0 (8.2) |
| Men (no. (%)) | 5552 (43.2) | 5621 (43.8) | 5709 (44.5) | 5643 (43.9) | 22,525 (43.9) |
| Ethnicity (no. (%)) | |||||
| White | 11,430 (89.0) | 10,496 (81.8) | 9601 (74.8) | 9405 (73.2) | 40,932 (79.7) |
| Asian or Asian British | 359 (2.8) | 966 (7.5) | 1322 (10.3) | 1187 (9.2) | 3834 (7.5) |
| Black or Black British | 350 (2.7) | 612 (4.8) | 1028 (8.0) | 1369 (10.7) | 3359 (6.5) |
| Other | 351 (2.7) | 402 (3.1) | 483 (3.8) | 448 (3.5) | 1684 (3.3) |
| Don’t know or Prefer not to say | 84 (0.6) | 96 (0.7) | 124 (1.0) | 102 (0.8) | 406 (0.8) |
| Household income, £/year (no. (%)) | |||||
| < 31,000 | 3379 (26.3) | 3859 (30.1) | 4563 (35.5) | 4798 (37.4) | 16,599 (32.3) |
| 31,000 – 51,999 | 2396 (18.7) | 2657 (20.7) | 2756 (21.5) | 2881 (22.4) | 10,690 (20.8) |
| 52,000 – 100,000 | 3057 (23.8) | 3034 (23.6) | 2563 (20.0) | 2415 (18.8) | 11,069 (21.6) |
| > 100,000 | 2409 (18.8) | 1504 (11.7) | 876 (6.8) | 591 (4.6) | 5380 (10.5) |
| Don’t know or Prefer not to say | 1606 (12.5) | 1779 (13.9) | 2083 (16.2) | 2155 (16.8) | 7623 (14.8) |
| Highest education (no. (%)) | |||||
| Compulsory (≤11 y of education) or Othera | 2074 (16.1) | 2703 (21.1) | 3675 (28.6) | 4286 (33.4) | 12,738 (24.8) |
| Further (12–13 y of education) | 1680 (13.1) | 1779 (13.9) | 2039 (15.9) | 2224 (17.3) | 7722 (15.0) |
| Higher (> 13 y of education) | 8956 (69.7) | 8151 (63.5) | 6865 (53.5) | 6085 (47.4) | 30,057 (58.5) |
| Prefer not to say | 137 (1.1) | 200 (1.6) | 262 (2.0) | 245 (1.9) | 844 (1.6) |
| Current or ex-smoker (no. (%)) | 6304 (49.1) | 6109 (47.6) | 5759 (44.8) | 5587 (43.5) | 23,759 (46.3) |
| Anthropometric and Diet Outcomes | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.1 (4.5) | 26.6 (4.8) | 27.3 (5.0) | 27.6 (5.0) | 26.9 (4.9) |
| Body Fat, % | 29.8 (8.3) | 30.4 (8.4) | 31.3 (8.7) | 32.0 (8.7) | 30.8 (8.6) |
| Obese, BMI ≥ 30 (no. (%)) | 2102 (16.4) | 2564 (20.0) | 3136 (24.4) | 3401 (26.5) | 11,203 (21.8) |
| Frequent processed meat consumptione | 3239 (25.2) | 3464 (27.0) | 3647 (28.4) | 3885 (30.3) | 14,235 (27.7) |
| Food Environment Exposuresb | |||||
| Fast-food outlets | 35.7 (30.3) | 46.5 (30.2) | 40.1 (27.2) | 34.5 (16.9) | 39.2 (27.1) |
| Other food outletsc | 400.6 (422.0) | 266.1 (177.0) | 161.6 (114.7) | 84.9 (46.5) | 228.3 (265.0) |
| Fast-food outlet proportion, %d | 9.1 (2.9) | 15.0 (1.2) | 20.1 (2.1) | 29.4 (3.5) | 18.4 (7.9) |
Data are mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise stated; percentages represent column percentage | a Those reporting ‘Other’ education will include those with no and non-British qualifications | b Counts of food outlets within 1 mile Euclidean (straight line) radius buffers of home address | c Sum of counts of Supermarkets, Restaurants, Convenience stores, Cafes and Specialist stores | d Fast-food outlets expressed as a proportion of the sum of counts of Fast-food outlets, Supermarkets, Restaurants, Convenience Stores, Cafes and Specialist stores | e Frequent consumption was defined as more than once per week; processed meat includes bacon, ham, sausages, meat pies, kebabs, burgers, chicken nuggets