Table 3.
Comparison of Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension Caused by Chronic Lung Disease Based on Sex
| Characteristics | Male (n=71) | Female (n=76) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 67±10 | 63±12 | 0.068 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 31±8 | 30±7 | 0.529 |
| WHO functional class (n=122), n (%) | 0.365 | ||
| II | 3 (5) | 9 (13) | |
| III | 45 (82) | 50 (75) | |
| IV | 7 (13) | 8 (12) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 53 (75) | 51 (67) | 0.315 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 23 (32) | 18 (24) | 0.239 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 41 (58) | 36 (47) | 0.208 |
| Coronary artery disease | 28 (39) | 16 (21) | 0.015 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 22 (31) | 8 (11) | 0.002 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 5.3±2.4 | 4.8±2.2 | 0.186 |
| Medications, n (%) | |||
| Oxygen | 47 (66) | 45 (59) | 0.382 |
| Diuretics | 38 (54) | 35 (46) | 0.365 |
| Digoxin | 9 (13) | 3 (4) | 0.071 |
| Coumadin | 13 (19) | 7 (9) | 0.108 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 13 (18) | 17 (22) | 0.542 |
| Phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitors | 6 (9) | 8 (11) | 0.782 |
| Endothelin receptor antagonists | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1.000 |
| Prostacyclins | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ··· |
| Six‐min walk test | |||
| Distance, m (n=87) | 239±113 | 233±100 | 0.793 |
| Rest oxygen saturation, % (n=85) | 97±2 | 98±2 | 0.067 |
| Nadir exercise oxygen saturation, % (n=84) | 86±5 | 88±5 | 0.043 |
| Pulmonary function test, % predicted | |||
| FEV1 (n=120) | 55±25 | 54±22 | 0.830 |
| FVC (n=119) | 64±22 | 62±22 | 0.588 |
| FEV1/FVC (n=119) | 67±19 | 70±20 | 0.412 |
| TLC (n=74) | 79±27 | 83±24 | 0.492 |
| DLCO (n=96) | 35±16 | 37±21 | 0.555 |
| Laboratory | |||
| Serum hemoglobin, g/dL (n=146) | 14.1±2.2 | 13.0±1.9 | 0.002 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL (n=145) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) | <0.001 |
| Serum NT‐proBNP, pg/dL (n=123) | 1442 (202–3304) | 751 (245–3108) | 0.602 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| Left ventricular EF, % (n=140) | 59±10 | 62±8 | 0.087 |
| Left ventricular mass index, g/m2 (n=107) | 170±58 | 141±47 | 0.007 |
| Left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter, cm (n=124) | 4.4±0.7 | 4.2±0.7 | 0.093 |
| Left atrial diameter, mm (n=92) | 4.1±0.9 | 3.9±0.8 | 0.144 |
| Left atrial volume index, mL/m2 (n=94) | 32±13 | 27±9 | 0.062 |
| RV enlargement (n=137), n (%) | 53 (78) | 42 (62) | 0.046 |
| RV end‐diastolic area, cm2 (n=89) | 36±8 | 28±10 | <0.001 |
| RV end‐systolic area, cm2 (n=89) | 27±7 | 20±9 | <0.001 |
| Right atrial enlargement (n=136), n (%) | 43 (64) | 34 (49) | 0.080 |
| Pericardial effusion (n=138), n (%) | 6 (9) | 6 (8) | 1.000 |
| Hemodynamics | |||
| Heart rate, beats/min (n=121) | 78±16 | 79±15 | 0.956 |
| Mean right atrial pressure, mm Hg (n=145) | 8±5 | 7±4 | 0.184 |
| Mean pulmonary artery pressure, mm Hg (n=147) | 40±10 | 38±10 | 0.403 |
| Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, mm Hg (n=143) | 10±3 | 10±3 | 0.140 |
| Cardiac output, L/min (n=145) | 5.0±1.6 | 4.5±1.4 | 0.043 |
| Cardiac index, L/min per m2 (n=141) | 2.5±0.9 | 2.5±0.8 | 0.873 |
| Pulmonary vascular resistance, WU (n=147) | 4.7±1.5 | 7.0±3.4 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic pulmonary gradient, mm Hg (n=143) | 16±8 | 14±8 | 0.202 |
| Pulmonary arterial compliance, mL/mm Hg (n=120) | 2.2±1.2 | 1.8±1.0 | 0.084 |
| Vasodilator response, % (n=88) | 4 (6) | 1 (1) | 0.197 |
| RV function | |||
| RV fractional area change (n=89) | 26±9 | 31±11 | 0.028 |
| TAPSE, cm (n=99) | 1.8±0.5 | 1.8±0.4 | 0.934 |
| S’, cm/s (n=73) | 10.6±3.2 | 11.1±2.0 | 0.413 |
| +dp/dtmax, mm Hg/s (n=60) | 452±132 | 494±182 | 0.327 |
| +dp/dtmax/IP, s−1 (n=60) | 16.6±7.2 | 15.6±5.2 | 0.537 |
| −dp/dtmin, mm Hg/s (n=60) | −492±145 | −545±145 | 0.164 |
| Tau, ms (n=60) | 49.6±18.9 | 48.7±17.4 | 0.856 |
| RV diastolic stiffness, mm Hg/cm2 (n=68) | 1.1±0.7 | 1.1±0.6 | 0.816 |
DLCO indicates diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; EF, ejection fraction; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; RV, right ventricular; TAPSE, tricuspid plane annular systolic excursion; TLC, total lung capacity; WHO, World Health Organization; WU, Wood units.