. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019 Feb;20(2):71–82. doi: 10.1038/s41583-018-0096-y

Table1.

Effect of clock disruption on behavior and metabolism

Gene	Animal Model	Phenotype	Comment	Reference
CLOCK	Clock Δ19 mutant	Hyperphagic Obese	Decreased expression of orexigenic transcripts	⁴⁶
BMAL1	Null mice	Arrhythmic feeding	No effect on FAA	⁴⁷
BMAL1	VMH specific deletion	Decreased body weight	Affects BAT circadian activity	⁵⁶
BMAL1	Liver specific deletion	Hypoglycemia	Arrhythmic expression of hepatic glucose regulatory genes	¹⁰²
Per1	S714G mutant	Advanced food intakeIncreased sensitivity to obesity	Feeding uncoupled from energy expenditure	⁵²
Per2	Null mice(Per2Brdm1)	Absence of diurnal feeding rhythmsImpaired BAT activity	Loss of α-MSH diurnal rhythmsAltered lipid metabolism	^{48, 53}
Cry1/Cry2	shRNA,Null mice	Absence of diurnal feeding rhythmsHyperglycemia	Feeding behavior rescued by TRF	^{50, 148}
Reverbα	Null mice	Absence of diurnal rhythms of BAT activity	Higher Ucp1 expression in BAT	⁵⁴

FAA, food anticipatory activity; BAT, brown adipose tissue; α-MSH, α–melanocyte-stimulating hormone; TRF, Time restricted feeding