Table2.

Effects of dietary interventions and diurnal rhythms

Dietary Intervention	Model	Circadian Phenotype	Molecular Effectors	Reference
Day-time restricted feeding	WT micecry1−/−; cry2−/− mice	Restored 24-h rhythms of gene expression in liver	Metabolic responsive TFs	148
Fat supplemented diet restricted to 12-h/day	WT Drosophila clk, cyc, per, tim mutant Drosophila	Increased amplitude of oscillating transcriptsImproved cardiac function	Endogenous clock	177
5-h delay in meal time	Male human subjects	Phase delay of plasma glucose rhythmsPhase shift Per2 expression in adipose tissue	NR	152
HFD	WT mice	Lengthening of circadian periodBlunted rhythmic gene expression	NR	146
HFD	WT mice	Loss and gain of oscillation of transcripts and metabolites in the liver	BMAL1 PPARγ	156
HFD	WT mice Scap−/− mice Pparα−/− mice	Remodeling of circadian enhancers Gain of oscillation of de novo lipogenesis and FA oxidation	SREBP PPARα	180
HFD restricted to 8-h/day	WT mice	Reduced BW gainImproved hepatic glucose metabolismReduced hepatic steatosisEnhanced oscillation of clock genes and of metabolic sensors	NR	149
DR	WT Drosophilaper, tim mutant Drosophila	Enhanced amplitude of cycling genesGain of oscillation of medium chain triglycerides	Endogenous clock	178
CR	Young and old WT mice	Enhanced amplitude of clock genes in liverIncreased protein acetylationChanges in NAD+ metabolism	SIRT1	159
CR	Young and old WT mice	Phase advance of clock genes in SCs “Adult” like rhythmic gene expression in aged SCs	NR	160
KD	WT mice	Lower amplitude of clock genes in the brainHigher amplitude of clock genes in liverIncreased basal locomotor activity	NR	169
KD	WT mice CLOCK−/− mice	Loss of RER rhythmsGain of oscilation of liver cholesterol levelsGain of oscillation of free FAs in the gutEnhanced amplitude of CCGsGain of oscillation of serum βOHB levels	BMAL1 PPARα	171

NR non reported; WT wild-type; TFs transcription factors; clk clock; cyc cycle; tim timeless; per period; BW body weight; NAD⁺ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; SCs stem cells; RER respiratory exchange ratio; FAs fatty acids; CCGs clock controlled genes; βOHB β–Hydroxybutyrate; HFD high-fat diet; DR dietary restriction; CR calorie restriction; KD ketogenic diet;