Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of study participants according to the progression of diabetic retinopathy
| Non‐progressors (n = 536) | Progressors (n = 68) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | |||
| Age (years) | 60.7 ± 10.7 | 60.8 ± 11.4 | 0.967 |
| Sex (female) | 249 (46.5) | 26 (38.2) | 0.2 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 13.7 ± 8.4 | 16.3 ± 7.7 | 0.019 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 3.5 | 26.1 ± 3.3 | 0.017 |
| Smoking | 83 (17.4) | 17 (27.4) | 0.055 |
| Hypertension | 333 (62.5) | 52 (76.5) | 0.024 |
| ACEi or ARB use | 281 (85.9) | 46 (88.5) | 0.623 |
| Dyslipidemia | 421 (78.5) | 53 (77.9) | 0.909 |
| Insulin use | 120 (22.4) | 24 (35.3) | 0.019 |
| CVD | 154 (28.7) | 18 (26.5) | 0.697 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.7 ± 1.6 | 13.8 ± 1.6 | 0.592 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 126.4 ± 11.7 | 128.2 ± 10.0 | 0.229 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73.8 ± 8.1 | 75.2 ± 7.5 | 0.189 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.27 ± 1.03 | 7.70 ± 1.10 | 0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.51 (1.11, 2.08) | 1.31 (0.90, 1.91) | 0.02 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.19 ± 0.27 | 1.23 ± 0.33 | 0.427 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.17 ± 0.57 | 2.04 ± 0.49 | 0.077 |
| Triglyceride‐to‐HDL cholesterol ratio | 3.5 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 1.9 | 0.153 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 77.4 ± 16.0 | 78.8 ± 19.1 | 0.555 |
| Urine ACR (mg/g) | 12.9 (7.1, 32.4) | 15.8 (8.1, 38.9) | 0.639 |
| Follow up | |||
| Mean HbA1c (%) | 7.27 ± 0.96 | 7.72 ± 1.05 | 0.001 |
| HbA1c‐VAR (%) | 0.52 ± 0.33 | 0.63 ± 0.41 | 0.036 |
| Adjusted HbA1c‐VAR (%) | 0.49 ± 0.31 | 0.59 ± 0.39 | 0.033 |
| HbA1c‐CV (%) | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.104 |
| eGFR slope (mL/min/1.73 m2 per year) | 5.17 ± 6.50 | 5.12 ± 4.04 | 0.923 |
| eGFR decline (% per year) | 5.17 ± 6.50 | 5.32 ± 5.84 | 0.853 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation, n (%) or median (interquartile range). ACEi, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ACR, albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio; ARB, angiotensin‐converting enzyme receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HbA1c‐CV, coefficient of variation of glycated hemoglobin; HbA1c‐VAR, glycated hemoglobin variability; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.