Table 3.
Clinical characteristics of study participants according to the progression of diabetic nephropathy
| Non‐progressors (n = 570) | Progressors (n = 34) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | |||
| Age (years) | 60.5 ± 10.9 | 64.7 ± 8.1 | 0.006 |
| Sex (female) | 263 (46.1) | 12 (35.3) | 0.217 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 14.0 ± 8.3 | 14.6 ± 8.9 | 0.665 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 3.5 | 25.2 ± 3.9 | 0.831 |
| Smoking | 88 (17.3) | 12 (37.5) | 0.004 |
| Hypertension | 360 (63.5) | 25 (73.5) | 0.236 |
| ACEi or ARB use | 305 (86.2) | 22 (88.0) | 0.796 |
| Dyslipidemia | 445 (78.1) | 29 (85.3) | 0.319 |
| Insulin use | 125 (21.9) | 19 (55.9) | <0.0001 |
| CVD | 158 (27.7) | 14 (41.2) | 0.091 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.7 ± 1.6 | 13.2 ± 1.6 | 0.095 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 126.5 ± 11.5 | 128.2 ± 11.8 | 0.403 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74.0 ± 8.0 | 73.5 ± 7.4 | 0.731 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.30 ± 1.05 | 7.52 ± 1.03 | 0.24 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.49 (1.08, 2.04) | 1.61 (1.11, 3.09) | 0.071 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.20 ± 0.23 | 1.10 ± 0.24 | 0.045 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.16 ± 0.54 | 2.24 ± 0.85 | 0.564 |
| Triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio | 3.4 ± 2.1 | 4.9 ± 4.2 | 0.051 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 78.1 ± 15.7 | 66.8 ± 22.7 | 0.007 |
| Urine ACR (mg/g) | 12.9 (7.1, 30.9) | 50.1 (8.9, 676.1) | 0.0003 |
| Follow up | |||
| Mean HbA1c (%) | 7.33 ± 0.98 | 7.25 ± 0.92 | 0.671 |
| HbA1c‐VAR (%) | 0.52 ± 0.33 | 0.73 ± 0.42 | 0.006 |
| Adjusted HbA1c‐VAR (%) | 0.49 ± 0.31 | 0.69 ± 0.39 | 0.006 |
| HbA1c‐CV (%) | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.06 | 0.004 |
| eGFR slope (mL/min/1.73 m2 per year) | 5.71 ± 4.21 | −5.64 ± 4.50 | <0.0001 |
| eGFR decline (% per year) | 6.08 ± 5.16 | −9.88 ± 6.85 | <0.0001 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation, n (%) or median (interquartile range). BMI, body mass index; ACEi, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ACR, albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio; ARB, angiotensin‐converting enzyme receptor blocker; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HbA1c‐CV, coefficient of variation of glycated hemoglobin; HbA1c‐VAR, glycated hemoglobin variability; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.