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. 2018 Dec 8;10(3):613–625. doi: 10.1111/jdi.12956

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Recombinant human glucagon‐like peptide‐1 inhibits oxidative stress in rat glomerular endothelial cells (RGECs). (a) The effects of protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA) on the expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were analyzed in by western blotting. RGEC was incubated with advanced glycation end‐products (200 μg/mL) to mimic diabetic injury, and the activator, inhibitor of PKC or PKA, was used to analyze the effect of the two pathways. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. (b,c) Production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide was measured in cultured RGECs under different conditions. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (***P < 0.001 vs normal; #P < 0.05, ###P < 0.001 vs advanced glycation end‐products group; one‐way anova test; NS, not significant). A, advanced glycation end‐products; G, recombinant human glucagon‐like peptide‐1; I, insulin; iNOS, nitric oxide synthase; N, normal; PKAa, protein kinase A activator; PKCa, protein kinase C activator; PKAi, protein kinase A inhibitor; PKCi, protein kinase C inhibitor; SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1.