Table 2.
Parameters for each protocol
| Metformin high dose (HMET) | Linagliptin add‐on (LMET + DPP4) | P‐value† | |
|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Median | 26.2 (24.4–27.4) | 25.7 (24.4–27.4) | 0.109 |
| Mean | 26.5 ± 3.1 | 26.3 ± 3.0 | 0.085 |
| HbA1c (%) | |||
| Median | 7.0 (6.8–7.3) | 6.9 (6.7–7.0) | 0.076 |
| Mean | 7.1 ± 0.3 | 7.0 ± 0.3 | 0.083 |
| 24‐h mean glucose levels (mg/dL) | |||
| Median | 137.5 (120.4–143.6) | 132.1 (129.6–143.5) | 0.657 |
| Mean | 135.4 ± 15.5 | 135.0 ± 14.3 | 0.946 |
| Night‐time (00.00–06.00 hours) | |||
| Median | 103.6 (86.2–114.3) | 110.1 (86.2–123.0) | 0.594 |
| Mean | 105.3 ± 25.4 | 108.8 ± 21.8 | 0.614 |
| Daytime (06.00–24.00 hours) | |||
| Median | 150.2 (131.8–156.2) | 138.1 (134.9–156.3) | 0.929 |
| Mean | 145.5 ± 16.3 | 143.8 ± 14.0 | 0.804 |
| SD of 24‐h glucose levels (mg/dL) | |||
| Median | 45.4 (31.5–50.1) | 40.7 (30.4–48.5) | 0.213 |
| Mean | 42.1 ± 13.2 | 39.1 ± 10.6 | 0.394 |
| Night‐time (00.00–06.00 hours) | |||
| Median | 11.1 (7.8–18.0) | 9.1 (4.6–16.2) | 0.657 |
| Mean | 15.0 ± 11.1 | 13.8 ± 13.7 | 0.694 |
| Daytime (06.00–24.00 hours) | |||
| Median | 43.2 (30.8–51.5) | 40.0 (32.5–50.0) | 0.374 |
| Mean | 41.7 ± 13.8 | 39.9 ± 10.1 | 0.597 |
| Coefficient of glucose variation | |||
| Median | 32.5 (24.3–36.1) | 25.3 (23.7–34.3) | 0.286 |
| Mean | 30.9 ± 8.5 | 28.9 ± 6.8 | 0.290 |
| Night‐time (00.00–06.00 hours) | |||
| Median | 12.3 (7.1–18.0) | 9.3 (4.1–17.1) | 0.594 |
| Mean | 13.5 ± 7.0 | 11.9 ± 10.3 | 0.579 |
| Daytime (06.00–24.00 hours) | |||
| Median | 28.1 (22.5–34.3) | 26.7 (23.9–32.0) | 0.657 |
| Mean | 28.4 ± 7.8 | 27.5 ± 5.1 | 0.595 |
| Mean amplitude of glycemic excursions | |||
| Median | 94.5 (67.0–130.0) | 97.0 (77.3–132.2) | 0.790 |
| Mean | 101.2 ± 35.2 | 102.2 ± 31.5 | 0.865 |
| Preprandial blood glucose levels (mg/dL) | |||
| Breakfast | |||
| Median | 118.0 (106.0–132.0) | 115.0 (102.0–127.0) | 0.248 |
| Mean | 117.5 ± 17.6 | 113.6 ± 16.2 | 0.432 |
| Lunch | |||
| Median | 109.0 (90.0–125.0) | 95.0 (89.0–113.0) | 0.756 |
| Mean | 106.6 ± 19.9 | 102.8 ± 17.2 | 0.620 |
| Dinner | |||
| Median | 98.0 (94.0–113.0) | 102.0 (97.0–108.0) | 0.689 |
| Mean | 105.0 ± 16.8 | 103.7 ± 10.4 | 0.723 |
| Postprandial blood glucose levels (mg/dL) | |||
| Breakfast | |||
| Median | 247.0 (194.0–280.0) | 222.0 (202.0–254.0) | 0.248 |
| Mean | 241.8 ± 51.2 | 226.6 ± 28.8 | 0.215 |
| Lunch | |||
| Median | 168.0 (165.0–199.0) | 177.0 (147.0–207.0) | 0.594 |
| Mean | 169.8 ± 31.2 | 178.6 ± 42.0 | 0.354 |
| Dinner | |||
| Median | 205.0 (163.0–232.0) | 199.0 (178.0–239.0) | 0.594 |
| Mean | 197.6 ± 35.8 | 208.3 ± 36.6 | 0.462 |
| Range of glucose increase from pre‐meal to postprandial peak levels (mg/dL) | |||
| Breakfast | |||
| Median | 130.0 (80.0–160.0) | 113.0 (84.0–139.0) | 0.248 |
| Mean | 125.6 ± 50.3 | 113.1 ± 29.0 | 0.280 |
| Lunch | |||
| Median | 67.0 (34.0–85.0) | 71.0 (39.0–120.0) | 0.142 |
| Mean | 63.3 ± 42.4 | 75.7 ± 46.4 | 0.146 |
| Dinner | |||
| Median | 87.0 (68.0–119.0) | 109.0 (76.0–138.0) | 0.594 |
| Mean | 92.6 ± 34.8 | 104.6 ± 42.2 | 0.367 |
| Time to peak glucose levels from pre‐meal levels (min) | |||
| Breakfast | |||
| Median | 90.0 (85.0–110.0) | 95.0 (80.0–105.0) | 0.574 |
| Mean | 95.5 ± 13.7 | 92.3 ± 14.7 | 0.612 |
| Lunch | |||
| Median | 85.0 (70.0–110.0) | 85.0 (75.0–95.0) | 1.000 |
| Mean | 89.6 ± 24.7 | 87.7 ± 20.8 | 0.871 |
| Dinner | |||
| Median | 85.0 (65.0–110.0) | 115.0 (75.0–120.0) | 0.349 |
| Mean | 90.9 ± 25.6 | 101.8 ± 23.5 | 0.334 |
| AUC >160 mg/dL 3 h after meal (mg/dL/min) | |||
| Breakfast | |||
| Median | 9,550 (2,075–11,395) | 4,065 (1,950–8,895) | 0.041* |
| Mean | 7,712 ± 5,177 | 5,004 ± 3,220 | 0.047* |
| Lunch | |||
| Median | 230 (75–1,955) | 555 (0–3,005) | 0.859 |
| Mean | 945 ± 1,374 | 2,335 ± 3,573 | 0.231 |
| Dinner | |||
| Median | 3,540 (30–6,755) | 2,635 (575–7,230) | 0.575 |
| Mean | 3,575 ± 3,529 | 4,165 ± 3,582 | 0.660 |
| Time in hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL) during 24 h (min) | |||
| Median | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.705 |
| Mean | 10.5 ± 23.3 | 10.0 ± 22.3 | 0.967 |
The upper row shows the median (interquartile range), and the lower row shows the mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05. †Data were compared using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test (upper row) and paired t‐test (lower row) with corresponding samples. AUC, area under the curve; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; SD, standard deviation.