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. 2019 May 2;9:6846. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43033-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Shows how an underlying directed acyclic graph (left) relates to an undirected graph (right) by dropping the arrows and inducing dependency between parents. While the mapping between a DAG and its moral graph is one-to-one, the resulting undirected network has six Markov equivalent DAGs. (B) The stork example. Conditioned on economic development (Z), the number of storks (X) and the number of babies born (Y) are independent.