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. 2019 May 2;4:5. doi: 10.1038/s41539-019-0044-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Results. a Change in overall memory performance across all three nights with TMR. In undisturbed sleepers (n = 15), TMR during sleep at home significantly increased memory for the translation of Dutch words presented during sleep (cued) as compared to words not presented during sleep (Uncued). In participants who reported sleep disturbances unrelated to the words (e.g., discomfort with earplugs etc., n = 32), no benefit of TMR was observed. In contrast, in participants who reported awakenings by the words (n = 19), TMR impaired memory for cued as compared to uncued words. One outlier in this group is not shown (uncued words: 367%). The impairment remained significant after exclusion of the outlier (P = 0.049). b Change in performance per night in all participants (Δ night 1, Δ night 2, and Δ night 3, respectively, with performance before each night set to 100%). TMR improved memory for words played during sleep (cued words, black) as compared to words not played during sleep (uncued words, white) only across night 3. n.s. not significant. Means ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m) are indicated