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. 2019 May 2;10:2033. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09986-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Illustration of monomer concentration influence on bond formation during lignification. In the case of fast monomer transport from the cytoplasm to the cell wall, monomers can couple together to form dimers, or add to growing lignin chains. In the case of slow monomer transport, if an S monomer can only add to a growing chain that already contains a β-β bond, it must form a β-O-4 ether bond