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. 2019 May 2;10:2038. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09988-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Simulated trajectory for lithium-ion LCOES ($ per kWh) as a function of duration (hours) for the years 2013, 2019, and 2023. For energy storage systems based on stationary lithium-ion batteries, the 2019 estimate for the levelized cost of the power component, LCOPC, is $0.206 per kW, while the levelized cost of the energy component, LCOEC, is $0.067 per kWh. The curve corresponding to the year 2019 plots the corresponding LCOES values for alternative levels of the storage system’s duration. The LCOES curve corresponding to the year 2013 indicates the decline in lithium-ion based battery storage costs over the past five years. The 2023 curve projects anticipated future cost reductions. Source data are provided as a Source Data file