Table 1.
Predictors of urban growth as a percentage of total land use (logit-transformed) in 1062 European NUTS-3 regions between 1990 and 2006, all regions and by location in Eastern or Western Europe
| Method/sample | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OLS | Spatial lag | Spatial lag with country fixed effects | |||
| All regions | All regions | All regions | Only Western Europe | Only Eastern Europe | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| Constant | − .051 (.124) | .217* (.104) | .176 (.137) | .233 (.155) | − .274 (.222) |
| Urban land use in 1990 | − .080***(.004) | − .044*** (.004) | − .049*** (.005) | − .056*** (.005) | − .028** (.009) |
| Log (population size in 2000) | − .006 (.005) | − .019*** (.005) | − .011* (.005) | − .009 (.005) | − .007 (.014) |
| Annual population growth rate | .057*** (.006) | .052*** (.005) | .039*** (.005) | .042*** (.006) | .014 (.012) |
| Log (GDP per capita) | .041*** (.009) | .015(.008) | .022 (.012) | .017 (.014) | .050* (.024) |
| GDP growth | .0002 (.002) | .002 (.001) | .004* (.002) | .003 (.003) | .003 (.002) |
| Coastline | .028* (.011) | .042*** (.009) | .011 (.009) | .008 (.010) | .021 (.018) |
| Country fixed effects | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 1062 | 1054 | 1054 | 822 | 232 |
| Adjusted R2 | .365 | ||||
| Spatial coefficient Rho | .096 | .027 | .012 | .114 | |
| Akaike Inf. Crit. | − 1521.82 | − 1945.38 | − 1505.37 | − 493.96 | |
Cells show unstandardized coefficients with standard errors in parentheses. *p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001