Table 2.
Predictors of change in CO2 emissions (in kilotons) in 1033 European NUTS-3 regions between 2000 and 2008, all regions and by location in Eastern or Western Europe
| Method/sample | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OLS | Spatial lag | Spatial lag with country fixed effects | |||
| All regions | All regions | All regions | Only Western Europe | Only Eastern Europe | |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| Constant | 36.404* (14.323) | 29.708* (13.306) | 13.515 (14.374) | .621 (15.749) | 85.952** (30.258) |
| CO2 emissions in 2000 | − 2.915***(.597) | − 2.232*** (.552) | − .908 (.503) | .339 (.560) | − 5.375*** (1.047) |
| Log (population size in 2000) | 4.707*** (.930) | 2.928***(.862) | 1.162 (.879) | − .087 (.951) | .152 (2.480) |
| Annual population growth rate | 3.581*** (.654) | 2.962*** (.607) | 1.920** (.648) | 2.484*** (.704) | .474 (1.888) |
| log(GDP per capita) | − 7.584*** (.962) | − 5.097*** (.923) | − .337 (1.350) | 1.399 (1.498) | − 2.136 (3.225) |
| GDP growth | .603*** (.169) | .350* (.157) | − 1.174*** (.232) | − .793* (.334) | − .820* (.342) |
| Coastline | − 1.341 (1.199) | − 1.771 (1.106) | − 3.725*** (1.070) | − 3.286** (1.129) | − 3.570 (3.039) |
| Country fixed effects | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 1033 | 1033 | 1033 | 822 | 211 |
| Adjusted R2 | .185 | ||||
| Spatial coefficient Rho | .079 | .002 | .001 | .005 | |
| Akaike Inf. Crit. | 8407.40 | 8070.84 | 6390.61 | 1650.31 | |
Cells show unstandardized coefficients with standard errors in parentheses. *p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001