Fig. 2.

Synthesis and characterisations of the composite nanosonosensitisers. a Schematic illustration of the construction of HMME/R837@Lip nanosonosensitisers and their microstructures; b TEM image showing the quasi-spherical morphology of HMME/R837@Lip with high dispersity (scale bar = 100 nm); c hydrodynamic diameters of HMME/R837@Lip nanosonosensitisers in PBS as measured by DLS; d UV-vis absorbance spectra of Lip, HMME, HMME@Lip and HMME/R837@Lip, indicating the successful encapsulation of HMME into the nano-liposome; e zeta potential of Lip, HMME@Lip and HMME/R837@Lip, error bars are based on SD (n = 3); f scheme of US-triggered ¹O₂ production as assisted by HMME/R837@Lip; g ESR spectra of HMME/R837@Lip with or without US treatment; h time-dependent DPBF absorption spectra in the presence of HMME/R837@Lip under US irradiation for varied durations