TABLE 3.

Mokken scaling analysis of Internet Gaming Disorder.

Item	Item description	Item H [95% CI]	Standard error of item H	Monotonicity means	Significant monotonicity violations	Significant IIO violations
1	Preoccupation	0.52 [0.44–0.6]***	0.04	1.09	0	0
	Males	0.53 [0.41–0.65]***	0.06	1.20	0	0
	Females	0.55 [0.41–0.69]***	0.07	1.03	0	0
2	Withdrawal	0.37 [0.29–0.45]*	0.04	1.03	0	0
	Males	0.36 [0.22–0.5]*	0.07	1.05	0	0
	Females	0.52 [0.36–0.68]***	0.08	1.03	0	0
3	Tolerance	0.33 [0.25–0.41]*	0.04	1.05	0	0
	Malesa	–	–	–	–	–
	Females	0.45 [0.29–0.61]**	0.08	1.03	0	0
4	Loss of control	0.37 [0.27–0.47]*	0.05	1.03	0	0
	Males	0.36 [0.26–0.46]*	0.05	1.06	0	0
	Females	0.41 [0.17–0.65]**	0.12	1.01	0	0
5	Giving up other activities	0.34 [0.26–0.42]*	0.04	1.03	0	0
	Males	0.33 [0.23–0.43]*	0.05	1.07	0	0
	Females	0.42 [0.17–0.67]**	0.13	1.01	0	0
6	Continuing despite problems	0.47 [0.39–0.55]**	0.04	1.04	0	0
	Males	0.49 [0.39–0.59]**	0.05	1.09	0	0
	Females	0.53 [0.33–0.73]***	0.10	1.01	0	0
7	Deception	0.32 [0.24–0.4]*	0.04	1.03	0	0
	Males	0.33 [0.23–0.43]*	0.05	1.07	0	0
	Females	0.41 [0.1–0.72]**	0.16	1.01	0	0
8	Escape	0.43 [0.35–0.51]**	0.04	1.09	0	0
	Males	0.40 [0.3–0.5]**	0.05	1.15	0	0
	Females	0.51 [0.33–0.69]***	0.09	1.06	0	0
9	Negative consequences	0.40 [0.3–0.5]**	0.05	1.03	0	0
	Males	0.38 [0.28–0.48]*	0.05	1.06	0	0
	Females	0.49 [0.25–0.73]**	0.12	1.01	0	0

Item H = Loevinger’s coefficient; CI = confidence interval; IIO = invariant item ordering. *indicates low accuracy, **indicates medium accuracy, ***indicates strong accuracy. ^aThe tolerance item did not exceed 0.3 on item H in the scale when completed by males and was therefore removed from the analysis.