Table 1A.
Reports in limbic encephalitis patients on memory including LTM dysfunction.
| Antibodies | No. affected/all patients (n ≥ 6) | Patient's age mean ± sd or median (range) | Neuropsychology tests | Neuropsychology results | MRI | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abs– | 24/28 | 48 ± 15 | DCSR, VMLT | Impaired verbal and figural memory | Mesiotemporal signal changes | (12) |
| Abs–, Abs+ | 23 | 44 (17) | VLMTe, RAVLT, DCSR | ALF in 31–67% | 5% AHS, AE in 48% | (11) |
| Abs– | 20–22/40 | 51 (10-73) | DCSR, VLMT | Verbal or figural deficit | Mesiotemporal signal changes | (13) |
| Abs– | 1/6 | – | CVLT | Anterograde amnesia, impaired retrieval and recognition | (14) | |
| CASPR2 | 1/6 | – | CVLT | Impaired retrieval and recognition | – | (14) |
| GAD65 | 16 | – | VLMT, DCSR | Verbal and figural memory deficit | Mesiotemporal signal changes | (15) |
| GAD65 | 11 | 43.1 ± 11 | VLMT, DCSR | 45% verbal, 64% figural memory impairment | 100% hippocampus and 73% amygdala affection | (16) |
| GAD65 | 7/12 | 30 (16-48) | VLMT, DCSR | Verbal and figural memory deficit | Greater amygdala volume within 12 months of disease vs. control | (17) |
| GAD65 | 5/7 | 35.3 ± 10.2 | VLMT, DCSR | 2/5 impaired verbal and figural memory | Signal hyperintensity in hippocampus in 2/5, atrophy of hippocampus in 3/5 | (18) |
| GAD65 | 1/6 | – | CVLT | Impaired retrieval and recognition | – | (14) |
| LGI1 | 30 | 66 ± 13 | RAVLT, ROCF | Impairment of delayed recall | CA2/3, DG atrophy, reduced microstructure integrity | (19) |
| LGI1 | 27 | 66 ± 11 | RAVLT, ROCF | Verbal and visual episodic memory impairment | Hippocampal hyperintensities 30% unilateral, 48% bilateral | (20) |
| Ma/Ta2 | 1/7 | 35.3 ± 10.2 | VLMT, DCSR | Impaired verbal and figural memory | Unilateral amygdala enlargement, unilateral amygdala and hippocampus atrophy | (18) |
| Ma/Ta2 | 1/6 | – | CVLT | Anterograde amnesia, impaired retrieval memory and recognition | – | (14) |
| NMDA, VGKC | 1/7 | 35.3 ± 10.2 | VLMT, DCSR | Impaired verbal and figural LTM | Hippocampal atrophy, amygdala enlargement | (18) |
| Paraneoplastic | 11 | 41.5 ± 13.2 | VLMT, DCSR | 73% verbal and 64% figural memory impairment | 64% hippocampus and 73% amygdala affection | (16) |
| VGKC | 19 | 60.1 ± 15 | WMS III | Impaired memory recall | Hyperintensities in temporal lobe | (21) |
| VGKC | 15/18 | 55 (20-73) | VLMT, DCSR | Verbal memory impairment | Mesiotemporal signal changes 68% bilateral, 28% left, 11% right sided | (22) |
| VGKC | 15/15 | – | VLMT, DCSR | Verbal and figural memory deficit | Mesiotemporal signal changes | (15) |
| VGKC | 12–14/15 | 59.9 (19-72) | VLMT, DCSR | Verbal or figural memory deficit | Larger volumes of amygdala and hippocampus within 12 months of disease vs. control | (17) |
| VGKC | 11/18 | 55 (20-73) | VLMT, DCSR | Figural memory impairment | Mesiotemporal signal changes 68% bilateral, 28% left, 11% right | (22) |
Abs–, no antibodies; Abs+, antibodies; AE, amygdala enlargement; AI, autobiographic interview; ALF, accelerated long-term forgetting, AM, autobiographical memory testing; AMPA, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid; CASPR2, contactin-associated protein-like 2; CVLT, California verbal learning test; DCSR, Diagnosticum für Cerebralschädigung revised; GAD65, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65; LTM, long-term memory; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MTL, medial temporal lobe; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; ROCF, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, VGKC, voltage gated potassium channels; VLMTe, Verbaler Lern und Merkfähigkeitstest extended version; VMLT, Verbaler Lern und Merkfähigkeitstest; WMS III, Wechsler Memory scale III.