Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of participants
| Parameters | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | LADA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 2,927) | Non‐DR (n = 2,155) | DR (n = 772) | Total (n = 192) | Non‐DR (n = 153) | DR (n = 39) | |
| Age (years) | 57.7 ± 10.1 | 57.3 ± 10.4 | 58.8 ± 9.1** | 56.4 ± 10.1 | 56.3 ± 10.2 | 56.8 ± 9.7 |
| Sex, male (%) | 42.70 | 42.40 | 43.70 | 52.1* | 54.20 | 43.6** |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 7.7 ± 6.3 | 6.6 ± 5.8 | 10.8 ± 6.6** | 7.7 ± 6.4 | 7.0 ± 6.2 | 10.6 ± 6.2** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 3.4 | 25.1 ± 3.4 | 24.9 ± 3.4 | 23.2 ± 5.2* | 23.1 ± 5.7 | 23.2 ± 2.5 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 131.5 ± 17.2 | 130.0 ± 16.3 | 135.6 ± 18.9** | 127.2 ± 16.6* | 125.0 ± 14.4 | 136.4 ± 21.6** |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.4 ± 9.5 | 80.2 ± 9.4 | 81 ± 9.6 | 77.6 ± 9.1* | 76.7 ± 8.6 | 81.2 ± 10.3** |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 1.1 | 4.7 ± 1.1 | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 1.2 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 2.0 ± 1.8 | 2.0 ± 1.9 | 1.8 ± 1.6** | 1.2 ± 1.2* | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 1.2 ± 0.8 |
| HDL‐C (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.4* | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.5 |
| LDL‐C (mmol/L) | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 0.9* | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 1.1 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.9 ± 2.1 | 8.8 ± 2.2 | 9.2 ± 2.0** | 9.0 ± 2.0 | 8.9 ± 2.1 | 9.4 ± 1.9 |
| Fasting C‐p (ng/mL) | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 1.0** | 0.9 ± 1.0* | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.8 ± 1.1 |
| Diabetes treatment (%) | ||||||
| OAD | 55.3 | 58.2 | 47.9** | 54.5 | 55.7 | 50.0 |
| Insulin | 68.0 | 62.8 | 81.2** | 93.0* | 92.6 | 94.7 |
| Anti‐hypertensive agents (%) | ||||||
| RAAS inhibitors | 40.9 | 39.4 | 45.0** | 26.6* | 25.0 | 33.3 |
| Calcium‐channel blockers | 17.6 | 17.1 | 19.2 | 12.6 | 9.5 | 25.9** |
| Beta‐blockers | 7.8 | 8.1 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 6.9 | 11.1 |
| Diuretics | 2.7 | 2.3 | 3.7 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 0.0 |
| Lipid‐lowering agents (%) | ||||||
| Statins | 24.0 | 23.4 | 25.8 | 35.0* | 35.3 | 33.3 |
| Fibrates | 10.8 | 11.5 | 9.0 | 8.4 | 10.3 | 0.0 |
| GV metrics | ||||||
| SD (mmol/L) | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 0.9** | 2.8 ± 0.9* | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.9 |
| CV (%) | 25.5 ± 8.5 | 25.2 ± 8.3 | 26.5 ± 9.0** | 30.7 ± 9.0* | 31.3 ± 9.5 | 28.9 ± 7.0 |
| MAGE (mmol/L) | 5.8 ± 2.5 | 5.7 ± 2.4 | 6.1 ± 2.5** | 7.4 ± 2.7* | 7.4 ± 2.8 | 7.4 ± 2.5 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation or percentage unless otherwise indicated. *P < 0.05 for LADA versus type 2 diabetes mellitus; **P < 0.05 for diabetic retinopathy (DR) versus non‐DR in either type 2 diabetes mellitus or latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA). BMI, body mass index; C‐p, C‐peptide; CV, coefficient of variation; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GV, glycemic variability; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; INS, insulin; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions; OAD, oral anti‐diabetic agents; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.