Table 3.
Independent associations of potential risk factors with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.001 | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.001 | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.001 |
| Duration | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.10–1.14) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.10–1.14) | <0.001 |
| BMI | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.584 | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.516 | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.552 |
| SBP | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 |
| DBP | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.492 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.495 | 1.01 (0.98–1.01) | 0.476 |
| TG | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | 0.030 | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | 0.031 | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | 0.027 |
| HDL‐C | 0.91 (0.65–1.27) | 0.574 | 0.91 (0.65–1.28) | 0.594 | 0.92 (0.66–1.30) | 0.640 |
| HbA1c | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 0.004 | 1.10 (1.05–1.16) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.04–1.15) | <0.001 |
| SD* | 1.15 (1.03–1.29) | 0.017 | / | / | / | / |
| CV* | / | / | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) | 0.194 | / | / |
| MAGE* | / | / | / | / | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 0.251 |
Model 1 is adjusted for age, duration, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and standard deviation (SD); model 2 is adjusted for age, duration, BMI, SBP, DBP, TG, HDL‐C, HbA1c and coefficient of variation (CV); model 3 is adjusted for age, duration, BMI, SBP, DBP, TG, HDL‐C, HbA1c and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE). *Odds ratios and P‐values were calculated for each one standard deviation increase in SD, CV or MAGE. CI, confidence interval.