FIGURE 4.

RNA sequencing results showing that metformin affected gene expression in the rd1 mice retina at P14. (A) Pie chart of all differentially expressed genes. red: gene upregulated by metformin; blue: gene downregulated by metformin. (B) Scatterplots showing all expressed genes as the control group expression level vs. the metformin-treated group expression level. red: gene upregulated by metformin; blue: gene downregulated by metformin; gray: gene not regulated by metformin. (C) Hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes in the control and metformin treatment groups. Red: high relative expression; blue: low relative expression. P-values and Q-values (MA-plot) represent the significance of the differences (fold change ≥ 2 and adjusted P-value ≤ 0.001).