Arginine deiminase (AD) activity. For AD assays, commensals were grown to exponential phase in liquid TY supplemented with 20 mM Glc, GlcN, GlcNAc, or galactose, in addition to 10 mM arginine. Asterisks denote statistically significant difference compared to cultures prepared with glucose. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001.