Skip to main content
. 2014 Sep 24;144(11):1781–1786. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.201376

TABLE 2.

Characteristics among case and control mothers, NBDPS, 1997–20091

Characteristics Cases (n = 1125) Controls (n = 9483) Crude OR (95% CI)
Age, y
 <20 419 (37.2) 946 (10.0) 6.77 (5.58, 8.20)
 20–24 460 (40.9) 2163 (22.8) 3.25 (2.70, 3.91)
 25–29 173 (15.4) 2643 (27.9) 1.0
 30–34 59 (5.2) 2425 (25.6) 0.37 (0.28, 0.50)
 ≥35 14 (1.2) 1306 (13.8) 0.16 (0.10, 0.28)
Race/ethnicity
 White, non-Hispanic 579 (51.5) 5603 (59.1) 1.0
 Hispanic 349 (31.0) 2186 (23.1) 1.55 (1.34, 1.78)
 Other 197 (17.5) 1688 (17.8) 1.13 (0.95, 1.34)
 Missing 0 (0) 6 (0.1)
Education, y
 <12 313 (27.8) 1570 (16.6) 1.0
 12 439 (39.0) 2252 (23.7) 0.98 (0.83, 1.15)
 >12 360 (32.0) 5611 (59.2) 0.32 (0.27, 0.38)
 Missing 13 (1.2) 50 (0.5)
Preconception BMI
 <18.5 99 (8.8) 498 (5.3) 1.31 (1.04, 1.65)
 18.5–24.9 749 (66.6) 4944 (52.1) 1.0
 25.0–29.9 190 (16.9) 2088 (22.0) 0.60 (0.51, 0.71)
 ≥30.0 55 (4.9) 1561 (16.5) 0.23 (0.18, 0.31)
 Missing 32 (2.8) 392 (4.1)
Cigarette smoking2
 No 708 (62.9) 7755 (81.8) 1.0
 Yes 412 (36.6) 1714 (18.1) 2.63 (2.31, 3.01)
 Missing 5 (0.4) 14 (0.1)
Periconceptional folic acid3
 No 186 (16.5) 1136 (12.0) 1.0
 Yes 925 (82.2) 8269 (87.2) 0.68 (0.58, 0.81)
 Missing 14 (1.2) 78 (0.8)
Gravidity
 0 554 (49.2) 2825 (29.8) 1.0
 1 315 (28.0) 2752 (29.0) 0.58 (0.50, 0.68)
 2 124 (11.0) 1878 (19.8) 0.34 (0.28, 0.41)
 ≥3 132 (11.7) 2028 (21.4) 0.33 (0.27, 0.41)
DQI4 34.1 ± 13.9 36.0 ± 13.6
MDS4 37.2 ± 9.9 39.4 ± 9.9
1

Values are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. DQI, Diet Quality Index; MDS, Mediterranean diet score; NBDPS, National Birth Defects Prevention Study.

2

Smoking anytime from 1 mo before to 3 mo after conception.

3

Folic acid supplements taken from 1 mo before to 3 mo after conception, with or without a multivitamin.

4

Values are mean scores ± SDs.