TABLE 2.
Characteristics of prospective cohort studies of whole grain intake and risk of CVD outcomes1
| Author (reference) | Sex | Age, y | n | Follow-up, y | Exposure measurement | Exposure categories | CVD outcome ascertainment | Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jacobs (14) | F | 55–69 | 34,492 | 9 | FFQ | Quintiles | Ischemic heart disease mortality (death certificate) | Age, energy intake, BMI, education, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, use of medication, dietary factors, diabetes, hypertension |
| Jacobs (15) | F | 55–90 | 38,740 | 9 | FFQ | Quintiles | CVD mortality (death certificate) | Age, energy intake, BMI, education, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, use of medication, dietary factors, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, heart disease |
| Liu (19) | F | 38–63 | 75,521 | 10 | FFQ | Quintiles | CHD (medical records) | Age, energy intake, BMI, education, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, use of medication, dietary factors, diabetes, history of hypertension/high cholesterol |
| Liu (17) | F | 38–63 | 75,521 | 12 | FFQ | Quintiles | Ischemic stroke (medical records) | Age, energy intake, BMI, education, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, use of medication, dietary factors, diabetes, history of hypertension/high cholesterol |
| Liu (18) | M | 40–84 | 86,190 | 5.5 | FFQ | Quartiles | CVD mortality (death certificate) | Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, use of multivitamins, history of T2D, high cholesterol, hypertension |
| Steffen (20) | F | 45–64 | 11,940 | 11 | FFQ | Quintiles | CAD (medical records/registry) | Age, race, sex, energy intake, education, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, hormone use |
| Jensen (16) | M | 45–75 | 42,850 | 14 | FFQ | Quintiles | CHD (medical records) | Age, energy intake, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, dietary factors, history of hypertension/high cholesterol/ diabetes/MI |
| Djousse (27) | M | 40–86 | 21,376 | 19.6 | FFQ | Four categories | Heart failure (self-report) | Age, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, dietary factors, use of multivitamins, history of CVD |
| Nettleton (28) | F | 45–64 | 14,153 | 13.3 | FFQ | — | Heart failure (medical records/ death certificates) | Age, race, sex, education, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, CVD/diabetes/hypertension |
| He (29) | F | 30–55 | 7822 | 26 | FFQ | Quintiles | CVD mortality (death certificate) | Age, energy intake, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, dietary factors, hormone use, menopausal status, diabetes duration |
1
CAD, coronary artery disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MI, myocardial infarction; T2D, type 2 diabetes.