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. 2019 Apr 26;10:912. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00912

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Copyright © 2019 He, Zhao, Dai, Weng, Bian, Gong, Ge, Fang, Liu, Xu and Yin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Early synapse loss in the OPL during retinal degeneration in RCS rats. (A) Confocal images of CtBP2- (green) and mGluR6-immunoreactive (red) puncta in the retinas of control (upper panel) and RCS rats (lower panel) at P30 showed that the normal structure of synapses in the OPL was lost. White arrows indicate normal rod synapses, cyan arrows indicate unpaired CtBP2-positive puncta, and yellow arrows indicate unpaired mGluR6-positive puncta. (B–D) Quantification of synaptic puncta or their apposition in the OPL of control and RCS rats at P15, P20, P30, P40, and P50, indicating the loss of CtBP2, mGluR6 and colocalized puncta per field of view (135 × 135 μm) during retina degeneration. (N = 3–5 eyes from different rats, n = 15–20 images from each eye). ONL, outer nuclear layer; OPL, outer plexiform layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; Scale bar, 50 μm (A) or 5 μm (A). Bars represent means; error bars represent SD. ^***p < 0.001, ^****p < 0.0001 using two-way ANOVA (B–D).