Table 3.

SEs’ roles in visceral organ tumors.

Cancer type†	Phenotype‡	Upstream (O/S) and potential therapeutic targets§	Regulation of SEs	Downstream	References
LC	P, G	NSD2 (O)	↑	RAS	Garcia-Carpizo et al., 2016
LC	P	TF: TBX4 (S)	↑	SFRP1, ADM, THBS1…	Horie et al., 2018
PC	NM	T2E fusion gene (O)	↑	EGR	Babu and Fullwood, 2017
CRC	G	NM	translocated on	CCAT1-L	Xiang et al., 2014
CRC	P	BETi: JQ1 (S)	↓	c-MYC	Togel et al., 2016
CRC	NM	NM	5hmC modified	NM	Hu H. et al., 2017
CRC	NM	RTD (O)	formation of a 3D contact domain	IGF2	Weischenfeldt et al., 2017
CLC	P, A	BETi: JQ1 (S)	↓	MAPK signaling pathway	Nakamura et al., 2017
PDA	P, G, I, M	KDM6A (S)	↓	DeltaNp63, MYC, RUNX3…	Andricovich et al., 2018
OSCC	P, A	CDK7i: THZ1 (S)	↓	PAK4, RUNX1, DNAJB1…	Jiang Y.Y. et al., 2017
OSCC	M, G	SCC-specific hypermethylation (O)	↓	ZFP36L2	Lin et al., 2018
OSCC	P, I, M	TF: TP63 (O)	↑	lncRNA: LINC01503	Xie et al., 2018
LIHC	P, I, M, CC	ZEB1 (O)	↑	lncRNA: HCCL5	Peng et al., 2018
CVC	P	BETi: JQ1, iBET72 (S)	↓	viral oncogenes: E6 and E7	Dooley et al., 2016
OC	OS	SNP: rs6674079 (1q22) (O)	↑	MEF2D	Johnatty et al., 2015

^†Abbreviation for cancers: CLC, colon cancer; CRC, colorectal carcinoma; CVC, cervical cancer; LC, lung cancer; LIHC, liver hepatocellular carcinoma; OC, ovarian cancer; OSCC, oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma; PC, prostate cancers; PDA, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. ^‡Abbreviation for phenotypes: A, apoptosis; CC, cell cycle; G, growth; I, invasion; M, migration; NM, not mentioned; OS, overall survival; P, proliferation. ^§Abbreviation for molecules: BETi, Bromodomain inhibitor; CDK7i, CDK7 inhibitor; NM, not mentioned; O, oncogenic molecule; S, suppressor of cancer; RTD, Recurrent tandem duplications; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; TF, transcription factor