Table 4.

Summary of inhalation and oral exposure

Concentration/dose	Period	Exposure	Species	Effects	Reference
227 ppm	6 h	Inhalation	Mouse, rat, and guinea pig	Mucous irritation in the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory passages	11
0, 15, 40, 120 ppm	90 d	6 h/d Inhalation	Rat	NOAEL of 120 ppm	23
0, 20, 60, 150 ppm	3 mo	8 h/d Inhalation	Mouse	Inflammation and degeneration of the olfactory epithelium at ≥20 ppm	24
100 mg/kg	Single	Intragastric administration	Rat	No direct effect on protein kinase C activity	107
3.8 mmol/kg/d	3 d	Gastric intubation	Rat	Increased cytochrome P450 4A1 levels	108
2% (20 mg/kg/d)	3 wk	In food	Rat	Significant decreases in triglyceride and cholesterol serum levels	109
88 g/d/hen	Single	In food	Hen	Lowered plasma level of free cholesterols, reduced liver fats	110
833 mg/kg/d	3 wk	Gastric intubation	Rat	Increased liver weight	111
4 mmol/kg/d (520.8 mg/kg/d)	7 d	Gavage	Rat	Increases in both wet liver weight and antipyrine clearance	112
1000 mg/kg/d	3 wk	Gavage	Rat	Thirty percent increase in liver‐to‐body weight ratio; increase in peroxisome cell fraction and in peroxisome density	22
130 mg/kg/d	14 d	Gavage	Rat	Not induce hepatomegaly, peroxisome proliferation, and hyperlipidemia	113
0‐1.75 g/kg/d	14 d	Gavage	Mouse, rat	Increases in relative liver weights and peroxisomal β‐oxidation	114
0, 25, 125, 250, 500 mg/kg/d (5 consecutive days/wk)	13 wk	Gavage	Mouse, rat	Reduced body weight gain and increased relative liver, kidney, stomach, and testes weights at 500 mg/kg/d	20
				NOEL of 125 mg/kg/d
0, 50, 200, 750 mg/kg/d (5 consecutive days/wk)	18 mo	Gavage	Mouse, rat	Reduced body weight gain and increased relative liver and stomach weights at 500 mg/kg/d	21
0, 50, 150, 500 mg/kg/d (5 consecutive days/wk)	24 mo	Gavage	Rat	Decrease in body weight gain and dose‐dependent increases in relative liver, stomach, brain, kidney, and testis weights at 150 mg/kg/d and 500 mg/kg/d	21