(A) Multivalent 58C-scFv induces a stronger M1 phenotype than monomeric, free 58C-scFv. (B,C,D,E) The ratios of the M1 markers (IL-6 and iNOS) and M2 markers (Arg-1 and Mgl2) were used to compare the different conditions (M1/M2 ratio). From left to right: 58C-scFv monomers (black); 58C-scFv displayed on liposomes with increasing ligand density: low ligand density (red), medium ligand density (green), and high ligand density (blue). The dose was normalized to the 58C-scFv concentration. The M1/M2 ratio was normalized to the free, monomeric 58C-scFv. Liposome only control was not statistically significant from the untreated control (Supplemental Figure 5). Data are represented as mean ± sd, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 with one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-test.