Table 1. Clinical characteristics of the participants.
| Reference range | ||
|---|---|---|
| Gender (male/female) (%) | 30.1/69.9 | |
| Age (years) | 35 (31, 39) | |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 25.7 ± 7.3 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 (21.5, 25.1) | 18.5–25.0 |
| Insulin regimen (MDI/CSII) (%) | 46.6/53.4 | |
| TDD (units) | 40.0 (31.3, 50.5) | |
| TDD/kg (units/kg) | 0.65 (0.52, 0.77) | |
| Basal (units) | 14.8 (11.4, 18.7) | |
| Basal/kg (units/kg) | 0.25 (0.19, 0.29) | |
| Bolus (units) | 22.9 (18.0, 34.5) | |
| Bolus/kg (units/kg) | 0.39 (0.32, 0.53) | |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.4 ± 1.0 | 4.6–6.2 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 92.9 ± 14.1 | > 60 |
| Albuminuria (mg/gCr) | 3.9 (2.9, 6.0) | < 30 |
| Retinopathy (NDR/NPDR/PDR/NA) (%) | 42.5/50.7/5.5/1.4 | |
| %Body fat (%) | 26.8 ± 7.2 | Male: 15–20 Female: 20–25 |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 12.9 (9.9, 17.4) | > 4.0 |
| Free-testosterone (pg/ml) (in males) | 10.9 (8.6, 13.2) | 20–29 years old: 7.6–23.8 30–39 years old: 6.5–17.7 40–49 years old: 4.7–21.6 |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 6.7 (6.3, 7.5) | Male: > 7.0 Female: > 5.7 |
| Grip strength (kg) | 30.2 (23.0, 38.4) | Male: > 26.0 Female: > 18.0 |
| Knee extension strength (kg) | 20.6 ± 5.9 | > 0.3 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.34 ± 0.22 | > 0.8 |
| ucOC (ng/ml) | 3.3 (2.4, 4.7) | < 4.5 |
| OC (ng/ml) | 14.8 (11.7, 18.5) | Male: 8.4–33.1 Female: 7.8–30.8 (premenopausal) |
| Use of drugs | ||
| ACE inhibitors/ARBs (%) | 16.4 | |
| CCBs (%) | 4.1 | |
| Statins (%) | 8.2 | |
| EPAs (%) | 5.5 |
BMI, body mass index; MDI, multiple daily injections of insulin; CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; TDD, total daily dose of insulin; TDD/kg, body weight-adjusted total daily dose of insulin; Basal, basal dose of insulin; Basal/kg, body weight-adjusted basal dose of insulin; Bolus, bolus dose of insulin; Bolus/kg, body weight-adjusted bolus dose of insulin; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NDR, no diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index; ucOC, undercarboxylated osteocalcin; OC, osteocalcin; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid.