Table 2. Association Between Top Quartile of Annualized Mean Levels of Air Pollutants and Adolescent Psychotic Experiencesa.
| Model | Pollutants, OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NO2 | NOx | PM2.5 | PM10 | |
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1.83 (1.42-2.36)b | 1.84 (1.43-2.36)b | 1.58 (1.23-2.03)b | 1.39 (1.08-1.79)c |
| Model 2 (family factors)d | 1.83 (1.42-2.37)b | 1.83 (1.42-2.35)b | 1.59 (1.23-2.05)b | 1.39 (1.08-1.79)c |
| Model 3 (childhood psychotic symptoms) | 1.84 (1.43-2.37)b | 1.85 (1.44-2.37)b | 1.61 (1.26-2.07)b | 1.37 (1.07-1.77)c |
| Model 4 (adolescent substance use)e | 1.84 (1.42-2.38)b | 1.84 (1.43-2.37)b | 1.55 (1.20-1.98)f | 1.38 (1.08-1.78)c |
| Model 5 (neighborhood factors)g | 1.62 (1.22-2.14)f | 1.63 (1.23-2.15)f | 1.38 (1.06-1.79)c | 1.24 (0.96-1.61)h |
| Model 6 (all covariates simultaneously) | 1.71 (1.28-2.28)b | 1.72 (1.30-2.29)b | 1.45 (1.11-1.90)f | 1.27 (0.98-1.65)h |
Abbreviations: NO2, nitrogen dioxide; NOx, nitrogen oxides; OR, odds ratio; PM2.5, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm; PM10, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μm.
Indicates association with the top quartile of the annualized mean of ambient air pollutants across the top 3 locations where participants spend their time. Includes participants with full data in model 6 (n = 1705). Analyses account for the nonindependence of twin observations.
P < .001.
P < .05.
Includes family socioeconomic status, family psychiatric history, and maternal psychosis.
Includes adolescent smoking, cannabis dependence, and alcohol dependence.
P < .01.
Includes neighborhood socioeconomic status, neighborhood crime rates, social cohesion, and neighborhood disorder.
P > .05 and P < .10.