TABLE 1.

Selected characteristics of included completed studies by study design and exposure type¹

Author (reference)	Study design	Main association of interest in study	Driver of phosphorus contrast	Phosphorus contrast (high–low)	n	Duration	BP inclusion criteria (SBP/DBP, mm Hg)	Special population	Exposure type	Exposure measurement	Outcome measures
Barr et al. (29)	Randomized trial	Milk and BP2	Dairy	601 mg/d	200	12 wk	< 170/95	N/A	Intake	2 × 3-d food record	SBP/DBP
Dugan et al. (30)	Randomized trial	Dairy and BP2	Dairy	462 mg/d	33	6 wk	< 140/90	Metabolic syndrome	Intake	2 × 5-d food record	SBP/DBP
Manios et al. (27)	Randomized trial	Dairy + education and BP2	Dairy	346 mg/d	82	5 mo	Not specified	Postmenopausal women	Intake	1 × 3-d recall	SBP/DBP
Zeller et al. (33)	Randomized trial	Protein restriction and renal failure	Reduced protein	Not reported	35	37.4 mo (mean follow-up)	Not specified	Type I diabetes, diabetes nephropathy, diabetes retinopathy with proteinuria, no other renal failure	Intake	≥1 × 24-h urine	MAP
Appel et al. (21)	Randomized trial	Diet pattern and BP	Dairy3	143 mg/24h	459	8 wk	< 160/80–95	N/A	Excretion	1 × 24-h urine	SBP/DBP
Appel et al. (32)	Randomized trial	Behavioral intervention and BP	Dairy3	95 mg/24h	810	6 mo	120–159/80–95	N/A	Excretion	1 × 24-h urine	SBP/DBP
Funatsu et al. (31)	Randomized trial	Coffee and BP	Dairy (in coffee)	50 mg/24h	42	10 wk	≥120/80	Coffee and alcohol drinkers	Excretion	1 × 24-h urine	SBP/DBP
Hallfrisch et al. (22)	Randomized trial	Whole grains and BP	Grain	181 mg/24h	16	5 wk	Not specified	Moderately elevated cholesterol	Excretion	3 × 24-h urine	SBP/DBP
Nouvenne et al. (34)	Randomized trial	Low-salt diet and idiopathic hypercalciuria	Other	63 mg/24h	210	3 mo	SBP > 110	Idiopathic calcium-oxalate stone formers	Excretion	1 × 24-h urine	SBP/DBP
Sacks et al. (24)	Randomized trial	Diet pattern + sodium and BP	Dairy3	179 mg/24h	412	30 d	120–159/80–95	N/A	Excretion	1 × 24-h urine	SBP/DBP
Van Beresteijn et al. (28)	Randomized trial	Milk and BP	Dairy	0.29 mg/mg creatinine	53	7 wk	Normotensive	N/A	Excretion	1 × 24-h urine	SBP/DBP
Nowson et al. (23)	Randomized trial	Diet pattern and BP	Dairy3	83 mg/d (intake) 127 mg/24h (excretion)	94	4 wk	≥120/80	N/A	Both	2 × 24-h urine2 × 24-h recall	SBP/DBP
Hunt et al. (25)	Nonrandomized trial	Diet pattern and zinc absorption	Vegetarianism	210 mg/d (intake) 266 mg/24h (excretion)	21	8 wk	Not specified	N/A	Both	1–14 × 24-h urineChemical analysis	SBP/DBP
Marshall et al. (26)	Nonrandomized trial	Diet pattern and BP2	Other	616 mg/d	30	3 wk	Normotensive–borderline elevated	N/A	Intake	1 × 7-d food recordChemical analysis	SBP/DBP
Alonso et al. (4) —ARIC	Prospective observational cohort	Identify CVD risk factors	Quintile of phosphorus intake	773 mg/d	8208	7.1 y	< 140/90	N/A	Intake	120-item FFQ	Incident hypertension
Alonso et al. (4)—MESA	Prospective observational cohort	Identify CVD risk factors	Quintile of phosphorus intake	739 mg/d	2901	3.8 y	< 140/90	N/A	Intake	66-item FFQ	Incident hypertension
Alonso et al. (35)	Prospective observational cohort	Dairy and BP	Quintile of dairy intake	600 mg/d	6686	27 mo	Normotensive	University students	Intake	136-item FFQ	Incident hypertension

¹ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease, DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; DBP, diastolic blood pressure, FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; N/A, not applicable; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

²And other outcomes.

³DASH-style diet.