Table 2.
Least squares mean (standard error) results of biomarkers by depressive symptoms trajectory and smoking trajectory in main effects models: CARDIA, 1985–2001
| Inflammation | Oxidative stress | Endothelial dysfunction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hsCRP (mg/L) |
SOD (U/mL) |
F2-isoprostanes (pmol/L) | sP-selectin (ng/L) |
sICAM1 (ng/L) |
|
| CES-D trajectory | p<.001 | p=.58 | p=.022 | p=.21 | p=.028 |
| No depressive symptoms (ref) | 2.98 (0.14) | 4.68 (0.06) | 57.94 (0.89) | 36.96 (0.31) | 158.06 (1.22) |
| Subthreshold depressive symptoms | 3.55 (0.17) | 4.69 (0.08) | 61.20 (1.08) | 37.78 (0.38) | 161.63 (1.49) |
| Decreasing depressive symptoms | 3.07 (0.53) | 4.27 (0.26) | 67.03 (3.59) | 38.11 (1.27) | 159.29 (4.94) |
| Increasing depressive symptoms | 4.34 (0.34) | 4.75 (0.16) | 58.87 (2.26) | 38.51 (0.79) | 167.66 (3.07) |
| High depressive symptoms | 3.31 (0.78) | 4.81 (0.39) | 58.22 (5.43) | 37.83 (1.93) | 162.31 (7.48) |
| CPD trajectory | p=.45 | p=.55 | p=.002 | p<.001 | p<.001 |
| Nonsmokers (ref) | 3.35 (0.22) | 4.56 (0.11) | 58.31 (1.52) | 36.97 (0.54) | 151.77 (2.09) |
| Quitters | 3.41 (0.35) | 4.67 (0.17) | 56.93 (2.30) | 36.55 (0.82) | 149.34 (3.17) |
| Light smokers | 3.36 (0.32) | 4.53 (0.16) | 60.44 (2.18) | 37.66 (0.77) | 159.86 (3.01) |
| Moderate smokers | 3.26 (0.30) | 4.75 (0.14) | 63.06 (1.98) | 38.13 (0.70) | 171.23 (2.72) |
| Heavy smokers | 3.88 (0.32) | 4.68 (0.15) | 64.51 (2.14) | 39.88 (0.76) | 176.75 (2.94) |
Values are least squares mean (standard error) from linear regression models evaluating the main effects of CES-D trajectory or CPD trajectory. The p-values indicate the significance of the overall main effect term within each model. Bold indicates significant contrasts (p<.01), relative to the reference category (CES-D trajectory: No depressive symptoms; CPD trajectory: Nonsmokers) within significant (p<.01) main effects of CES-D trajectory or CPD trajectory.
Abbreviations: CES-D: Centers for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression scale. CPD: cigarettes per day. hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. SOD: superoxide dismutase. sP-selectin: soluble P-selectin, sICAM1: soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Ref: reference.