Table 4.

fMRI neurofeedback studies for addictiontable

Publication	Addiction	Concurrent Treatment	n	Target	ROI selection	Control	No. Sessions	Addiction outcome
Hartwell et al. 2013	Nicotine	No	10 FB	[1] Reduce craving by decreasing ACC activity	Individual: Selected while viewing nicotine related pictures	No	1	[1] Reduced subjective craving and [2] reduced activation in ACC condition [3] ACC activity was correlated with craving [4] No differences in mPFC condition
				[2] Increase resist the urge to smoke by increasing mPFC activity
Hartwell et al. 2016	Nicotine	No	16 FB	Reduce craving ACC activity	Individual: Selected while viewing nicotine related pictures	(1) No FB (blank thermometer)	3	[1] Reduced subjective craving (in anticipation of positive outcome; no effect in expectation of relief of negative effect) [2] Reduced activation in ROI
			17 C(1)
Hanlon et al. 2013	Nicotine	No	9–151	[1] Reduce craving by decreasing vACC	Individual: Selected while viewing nicotine related pictures	No	3	[1] Reduced subjective craving [2] reduced activation in ACC condition [3] ACC was correlated with craving reductions [4] No differences in mPFC condition
				[2] Increase resist the urge to smoke by increasing dmPFC activity
Kirsch et al. 2016	Alcohol (heavy drinking students)	No	13 FB 13 C(1) 12 C(2)	Reduce activity in VS that was selected with reward paradigm	Individual: selected with reward paradigm	(1) Yoke (other participant) (2) No FB	1	[1] No increase of craving in FB and C(1) compared to C(2) condition [2] stronger decline of striatal acitivation in FB compared to control groups [3] stronger activation in IFG in FB compared to controls that correlated with VS reduction [4] No correlation between subjective craving and VS activation in any group
Karch et al. 2015	Alcohol (heavy drinking students)	No	13 FB	Reduce craving by decreasing activity in the ROI (selected from most reactive region between ACC DLPFC or insula)	Individual: Selected while viewing alcohol related pictures	(1) HC with FB	1	[1] Within patient FB group reduced craving found, no effects in control groups (no direct comparisons with control groups reported) [2] Reduced activity in ROI in patient and control FB, no effect in sham-feedback (no direct comparisons between FB and sham conditions reported)
			14 C(1)
			2 C(2)
			5 C(3)			(2) AP with yoke (other region)
						(3) HC with yoke (other region)
Li et al. 2013	Nicotine	No	10	[1] Reduce craving by decreasing ACC activity	Individual: Selected while viewing nicotine related pictures	No	1	[1] Reduced subjective craving [2] reduced activation in ACC condition [3] ACC was correlated with craving reductions [4] No differences in mPFC condition
				[2] Increase resist the urge to smoke by increasing mPFC activity
Canterberry et al. 2013	Nicotine	No	9	Reduce craving by decreasing ACC activity	Individual: Selected while viewing nicotine related pictures	No	3	[1] Only effects found in ACC activity between craving condition and NF condition, no effect of visit
Kim et al. 2015	Nicotine	No	7 FB(1)	FB(1) reduction of combination of bilateral ACC mPFC and OFC activity; FB(2) above described activity combined with FC between posterior and anterior craving regions	From predefined regions in anatomical atlas	No but 2 FB groups for comparison	2	[1] Greater neural activity and increased FC in FB(2) compared to FB(1) [2] lower craving in FB(2) [3] In FB(2) neural activity and FC were associated with craving but not in FB(1)
			7 FB(2)

FB, feedback

mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; OFC, orbital frontal cortex; (v)ACC, (ventral) anterieur cingulate cortex; ROI, region of interest; dmPFC, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; NF, neurofeedback

¹only 60% (9 participants) completed all session, the nr of participants included in the analysis are not specified