Table 1.
Brachial diameter, brachial artery FMD, RHI, PWVcf, PWVcr, cAIx, cAIx75, pAIx, CRAE, CRVE, AVR, pSBP, pDBP, cSBP, cDBP and HR in fasting (T0) and postprandial (T150) condition after 4 weeks of placebo or theobromine consumption
| Placebo | Theobromine | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T0 | T150 | Change | T0 | T150 | Change | |
| Brachial diameter (cm) | 0.49 ± 0.06 | 0.50 ± 0.08 | 0.00 ± 0.04 | 0.49 ± 0.07 | 0.52 ± 0.08 | 0.03 ± 0.04* |
| Brachial artery FMD (%)$ | 4.87 ± 2.54 | 3.87 ± 2.32 | − 1.00 ± 2.97 | 4.43 ± 2.01 | 3.65 ± 2.25 | − 0.78 ± 2.48 |
| RHI1,$ | 2.64 ± 0.68 | 2.38 ± 0.61 | − 0.24 ± 0.65 | 2.58 ± 0.61 | 2.23 ± 0.47 | − 0.35 ± 0.60 |
| PWVcr (m/s) | 7.1 ± 1.1 | 7.1 ± 1.1 | − 0.1 ± 1.2 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | 7.1 ± 1.5 | − 0.3 ± 1.6 |
| PWVcf (m/s) | 9.0 ± 1.4 | 9.0 ± 1.6 | 0.0 ± 1.3 | 8.8 ± 1.6 | 9.0 ± 1.5 | 0.2 ± 1.5 |
| cAIx (%) | 28.3 ± 9.9 | 21.9 ± 10.5 | − 6.4 ± 6.2 | 26.6 ± 10.4# | 15.2 ± 11.2 | − 11.3 ± 8.4 |
| pAIx (%) | − 14.8 ± 14.9 | − 24.1 ± 13.7 | − 9.3 ± 10.6 | − 16.8 ± 15.3 | − 32.4 ± 13.8 | − 15.6 ± 14.4* |
| cAIx75 (%) | 21.6 ± 8.7 | 16.3 ± 9.6 | − 5.3 ± 6.5 | 21.4 ± 9.3 | 11.2 ± 10.7 | − 10.3 ± 8.2* |
| CRAE (µm)3 | 135 ± 19 | 135 ± 19 | 0 ± 9 | 134 ± 19 | 136 ± 19 | 2 ± 6 |
| CRVE (µm)3 | 230 ± 14 | 231 ± 13 | 0 ± 5 | 228 ± 14 | 231 ± 13 | 2 ± 7 |
| AVR3 | 0.59 ± 0.09 | 0.59 ± 0.09 | 0.00 ± 0.05 | 0.58 ± 0.09 | 0.59 ± 0.09 | 0.01 ± 0.04 |
| pSBP (mmHg)$ | 134 ± 14 | 132 ± 12 | − 3 ± 9 | 134 ± 14 | 130 ± 13 | − 4 ± 10 |
| pDBP (mmHg)$ | 85 ± 10 | 83 ± 8 | − 2 ± 5 | 86 ± 10 | 83 ± 9 | − 3 ± 6 |
| cSBP (mmHg)$ | 126 ± 13 | 121 ± 11 | − 5 ± 8 | 125 ± 12 | 118 ± 13 | − 7 ± 10 |
| cDBP (mmHg)$ | 86 ± 9 | 84 ± 9 | − 2 ± 6 | 87 ± 9 | 84 ± 9 | − 3 ± 5 |
| HR (bpm)$ | 62 ± 9 | 64 ± 10 | 2 ± 4 | 62 ± 8 | 65 ± 10 | 3 ± 7 |
Values are mean ± SD. n = 44. Linear mixed models were conducted to find significant differences
FMD flow mediated dilation, RHI reactive hyperemia index, PWV pulse wave velocity, PWVcf PWV of the carotis-femoralis, PWVcr PWV of the carotis-radialis, cAIx central augmentation index, cAIx75 cAIx corrected for a heart rate of 75, pAIx peripheral augmentation index, CRAE mean arteriolar width, CRVE mean venular width, AVR arteriolar to venular ratio, p peripheral, c central, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HR heart rate
#P < 0.05 for fasting differences from placebo
* P < 0.05 for treatment × meal effects
$P < 0.05 for meal effects
1n = 42 at T0, n = 41 at T150 due to missing values
2n = 41 at T0, n = 39 at T150 due to missing values