Table 4.
Accumulation of seven phenolic acids (µmol/L) after 0, 6, and 24 h of fermentation in faecal fluids from younger (n = 6) and older (n = 4) groups
| Phenolic acida | Group | Substrates | 0 h | 6 h | 24 h | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | IQR (Q1−Q3) | Median | IQR (Q1−Q3) | Median | IQR (Q1−Q3) | |||
| PAA [59] | Younger | Blank | 3.7 (n = 6/6) | 3.0–4.0 | 15.2 (n = 6/6) | 6.0–28.1 | 66.1 (n = 6/6) | 46.8–72.2 |
| Raftiline | 2.7 (n = 6/6) | 2.9–5.2 | 8.6 (n = 6/6) | 7.4–8.8 | 6.6 (n = 6/6) | 6.9–10.6 | ||
| Rutin | 3.3 (n = 6/6) | 2.3–3.9 | 6.0 (n = 6/6) | 3.5–11.3 | 81.9 (n = 6/6) | 44.4–95.5 | ||
| Rutin + raftiline | 4.3 (n = 6/6) | 2.5–3.2 | 8.6 (n = 6/6) | 5.3–9.8 | 8.6 (n = 6/6) | 3.9–10.1 | ||
| Older | Blank | 6.9 (n = 4/4) | 6.2–7.7 | 92.8 (n = 4/4) | 38.7–138.2 | 88.8 (n = 4/4) | 81.4–101.4 | |
| Raftiline | 7.0 (n = 4/4) | 4.4–9.5 | 22.2 (n = 4/4) | 15.8–42.1 | 26.6 (n = 4/4) | 18.4–44.7 | ||
| Rutin | 6.7 (n = 4/4) | 4.2–8.8 | 58.7 (n = 4/4) | 12.7–110.8 | 128.3 (n = 4/4) | 93.4–147.3 | ||
| Rutin + raftiline | 6.4 (n = 4/4) | 3.8–8.6 | 17.5 (n = 4/4) | 9.1–42.0 | 25.3 (n = 4/4) | 18.9–40.8 | ||
| 3-OHPAA [48, 57, 59] | Younger | Blank | 0.2 (n = 1/6) | – | 0.2 (n = 1/6) | – | 0.5 (n = 2/6) | 0.4–0.6 |
| Raftiline | 0.3 (n = 1/6) | – | 0.2 (n = 1/6) | – | 0.1 (n = 1/6) | – | ||
| Rutin | 0.2 (n = 1/6) | – | 1.5 (n = 2/6) | 1.1-2.0 | 4.4 (n = 5/6) | 10.4–24.3 | ||
| Rutin + raftiline | 0.1 (n = 1/6) | – | 1.3 (n = 1/6) | – | 1.3 (n = 2/6) | 0.9–1.7 | ||
| Older | Blank | ND | – | 0.1 (n = 1/4) | – | 0.1 (n = 1/4) | – | |
| Raftiline | ND | – | ND | – | ND | – | ||
| Rutin | 0.1 (n = 1/4) | – | 0.8 (n = 2/4) | 0.5–1.1 | 4.2 (n = 3/4) | 3.2–29.8 | ||
| Rutin + raftiline | ND | – | 0.3 (n = 3/4) | 0.2–1.2 | 0.6 (n = 3/4) | 0.4–0.8 | ||
| 4-OHBA [48, 57] | Younger | Blank | ND | – | ND | – | ND | – |
| Raftiline | ND | – | 0.1 (n = 1/6) | – | 0.1 (n = 1/6) | – | ||
| Rutin | 0.1 (n = 1/6) | – | 0.1 (n = 1/6) | – | 0.1 (n = 1/6) | – | ||
| Rutin + raftiline | ND | – | 0.1 (n = 1/6) | – | 0.1 (n = 1/6) | – | ||
| Older | Blank | 0.2 (n = 2/4) | 0.2–0.2 | 0.4 (n = 3/4) | 0.3–12.2 | 0.3 (n = 3/4) | 0.2–13.8 | |
| Raftiline | 0.2 (n = 1/4) | – | 0.2 (n = 1/4) | – | 0.1 (n = 1/4) | – | ||
| Rutin | 0.3 (n = 2/4) | 0.1–0.3 | 0.2 (n = 2/4) | 0.1–0.2 | 0.2 (n = 2/4) | 0.1–0.2 | ||
| Rutin + raftiline | 0.2 (n = 2/4) | 0.1–0.2 | 0.3 (n = 2/4) | 0.2–0.2 | 0.4 (n = 2/4) | 0.3–0.4 | ||
| 3-OHPPA [27, 60] | Younger | Blank | 1.6 (n = 2/6) | 1.2–2.0 | 2.8 (n = 3/6) | 1.6–3.0 | 2.9 (n = 3/6) | 1.7–3.3 |
| Raftiline | 0.5 (n = 3/6) | 0.4–1.8 | 0.9 (n = 5/6) | 0.7–1.2 | 1.3 (n = 5/6) | 1.2–2.6 | ||
| Rutin | 0.4 (n = 4/6) | 0.3–1.1 | 1.8 (n = 5/6) | 1.1–1.9 | 4.8 (n = 6/6) | 2.0–10.0 | ||
| Rutin + raftiline | 0.4 (n = 3/6) | 0.4–1.3 | 1.6 (n = 4/6) | 0.5–5.0 | 1.2 (n = 5/6) | 0.8–3.4 | ||
| Older | Blank | 0.9 (n = 4/4) | 0.6–1.7 | 4.2 (n = 4/4) | 0.6–8.2 | 3.4 (n = 4/4) | 2.2–4.9 | |
| Raftiline | 1.0 (n = 4/4) | 0.6–2.9 | 2.8 (n = 4/4) | 1.0–5.0 | 3.4 (n = 4/4) | 2.7–4.1 | ||
| Rutin | 0.5 (n = 4/4) | 0.4–1.3 | 7.7 (n = 4/4) | 1.6–25.1 | 13.4 (n = 4/4) | 11.7–20.1 | ||
| Rutin + raftiline | 1.3 (n = 4/4) | 0.5–2.3 | 9.5 (n = 4/4) | 1.6–22.4 | 9.4 (n = 4/4) | 3.0-18.9 | ||
| 4-OHPPA [57] | Younger | Blank | 0.4 (n = 2/6) | 0.3–0.6 | 6.5 (n = 4/6) | 3.6–10.3 | 1.2 (n = 4/6) | 0.8–3.4 |
| Raftiline | 0.6 (n = 2/6) | 0.4–0.6 | 3.8 (n = 4/6) | 2.9–4.1 | 3.9 (n = 4/6) | 3.1-4.0 | ||
| Rutin | 0.5 (n = 2/6) | 0.3–0.6 | 1.1 (n = 4/6) | 0.9–1.7 | 4.9 (n = 5/6) | 1.6–7.7 | ||
| Rutin + raftiline | 0.5 (n = 1/6) | – | 1.0 (n = 3/6) | 0.9–2.2 | 1.2 (n = 3/6) | 1.0–2.0 | ||
| Older | Blank | 0.4 (n = 3/4) | 0.2–0.8 | 3.4 (n = 3/4) | 1.8–14.6 | 21.6 (n = 4/4) | 10.3–37.6 | |
| Raftiline | 0.3 (n = 3/4) | 0.2–0.9 | 1.4 (n = 3/4) | 0.9–1.4 | 2.0 (n = 3/4) | 1.3-2.0 | ||
| Rutin | 0.8 (n = 4/4) | 0.3–1.3 | 1.6 (n = 4/4) | 1.3–2.1 | 6.9 (n = 4/4) | 5.0-14.2 | ||
| Rutin + raftiline | 0.3 (n = 3/4) | 0.2–0.9 | 0.4 (n = 3/4) | 0.4–0.7 | 1.9 (n = 3/4) | 1.4–4.6 | ||
| 3,4diOHPAA [48, 59] | Younger | Blank | ND | – | ND | – | ND | – |
| Raftiline | ND | – | ND | – | ND | – | ||
| Rutin | ND | – | 16.1 (n = 6/6) | 8.7–35.9 | 32.9 (n = 6/6) | 5.5–62.4 | ||
| Rutin + raftiline | 0.2 (n = 1/6) | – | 5.0 (n = 6/6) | 1.7–32.1 | 7.1 (n = 6/6) | 2.9–32.9 | ||
| Older | Blank | ND | – | ND | – | ND | – | |
| Raftiline | ND | – | ND | – | 3.2 (n = 1/4) | – | ||
| Rutin | 0.3 (n = 1/4) | – | 63.0 (n = 3/4) | 32.0–66.3 | 65.8 (n = 3/4) | 35.4–79.1 | ||
| Rutin + raftiline | 0.5 (n = 1/4) | – | 48.3 (n = 3/4) | 24.8–48.7 | 52.0 (n = 3/4) | 27.1–53.0 | ||
| 3,4diOHPPA [59] | Younger | Blank | ND | – | ND | – | ND | – |
| Raftiline | ND | – | ND | – | ND | – | ||
| Rutin | ND | – | 0.2 (n = 1/6) | – | 0.4 (n = 2/6) | 0.4–0.5 | ||
| Rutin + raftiline | Nd | – | ND | – | ND | – | ||
| Older | Blank | Nd | – | ND | – | ND | – | |
| Raftiline | Nd | – | ND | – | ND | – | ||
| Rutin | 0.2 (n = 1/4) | – | 1.1 (n = 2/4) | 0.5–1.6 | 0.5 (n = 2/4) | 0.4–0.4 | ||
| Rutin + raftiline | ND | – | ND | – | 0.6 (n = 1/4) | – | ||
PAA phenylacetic acid; 3-OHPAA 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid; 3-OHPPA 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid; 4-OHBA 4-hydroxybenzoic acid; 4-OHPPA 4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid; 3,4diOHPAA 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; 3,4diOHPPA 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenylpropionic acid; ND not detected
aPhenolic acids previously described in the literature