Table 2.
Participant characteristics
| Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n = 756 |
< 50 nmol/L n = 340 |
50–75 nmol/L n = 254 |
> 75 nmol/L n = 162 |
P value | |
| Men, n (%) | 416 (55) | 217 (64) | 125 (49) | 76 (46) | < 0.01 |
| Age, year | 73.8 ± 6.4 | 74.1 ± 6.6 | 74.0 ± 6.2 | 72.9 ± 5.9 | 0.08 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.1 ± 3.5 | 27.5 ± 3.7 | 27.0 ± 3.3 | 26.2 ± 3.1 | < 0.01 |
| Caucasian, n (%) | 736 (98) | 327 (97) | 250 (98) | 159 (98) | 0.49 |
| Independent living, n (%)a,h | 723 (96) | 320 (95) | 243 (96) | 160 (99) | 0.10 |
| Non-smokers, n (%)a | 705 (94) | 311 (92) | 239 (94) | 155 (96) | 0.31 |
| Alcohol consumers, n (%)a | 598 (79) | 269 (80) | 197 (78) | 132 (82) | 0.61 |
| 25(OH)D, nmol/L | 54 (38–72) | 36 (29–42) | 62 (58–67) | 91 (84–100) | < 0.01 |
| Calcium | 2.24 (0.09) | 2.24 (0.09) | 2.25 (0.10) | 2.24 (0.10) | 0.43 |
| VitD suppl. users, n (%)b | 88 (12) | 13 (4) | 45 (18) | 30 (19) | < 0.01 |
| Season, n (%)i | |||||
| Summer–autumn | 259 (34) | 64 (19) | 101 (40) | 94 (58) | < 0.01 |
| Winter–spring | 497 (66) | 276 (81) | 153 (60) | 68 (42) | |
| Number of diseases, n (%)c | |||||
| 0 | 380 (51) | 159 (47) | 130 (52) | 91 (56) | 0.36 |
| 1–2 | 353 (47) | 167 (50) | 117 (46) | 69 (43) | |
| ≥ 3 | 17 (2) | 10 (3) | 5 (2) | 2 (1) | |
| Physical activity, MJ/weekd | 8.4 (4.5–13.0) | 7.8 (4.5–13.1) | 8.5 (4.3–12.0) | 9.6 (5.4–15.1) | 0.11 |
| TUG, sj,d | 9.8 ± 2.4 | 9.9 ± 2.5 | 9.9 ± 2.3 | 9.1 ± 2.2 | 0.04 |
| Gait, m/se | 1.06 ± 0.20 | 1.05 ± 0.21 | 1.05 ± 0.19 | 1.10 ± 0.20 | 0.03 |
| Knee-extension, Nj | 328 ± 104 | 336 ± 103 | 324 ± 104 | 301 ± 106 | 0.04 |
| HGS, kgf | 28.9 ± 9.5 | 29.4 ± 9.3 | 28.1 ± 9.6 | 28.9 ± 9.7 | 0.23 |
| Frailty, n (%)g | |||||
| Non-frail | 425 (57) | 183 (55) | 142 (57) | 100 (62) | 0.16 |
| Pre-frail | 289 (39) | 131 (39) | 98 (39) | 60 (37) | |
| Frail | 33 (4) | 20 (6) | 11 (4) | 2 (1) | |
| Positive on frailty | |||||
| Weight loss, n (%) | 23 (3) | 14 (4) | 5 (2) | 4 (3) | 0.28 |
| Exhaustion, n (%)a | 115 (15) | 51 (15) | 41 (16) | 23 (14) | 0.86 |
| Physical activity, n (%)a | 54 (7) | 26 (8) | 20 (8) | 8 (5) | 0.46 |
| HGS, n (%)a | 213 (28) | 102 (30) | 76 (30) | 35 (22) | 0.10 |
| Gait, n (%)c | 49 (7) | 26 (8) | 16 (6) | 7 (4) | 0.34 |
Values presented are mean ± SD or median (25th–75th percentile). Between-group differences explored by one-way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis test or Chi-square test
25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D, BMI Body Mass Index, VitD suppl. users vitamin D supplement users; TUG Timed Up and Go, HGS Hand grip strength, N Newton
a3 missing values
b5 missing values
c6 missing values
d1 missing value
e7 missing values
f4 missing values
g9 missing values
hAssisted living includes: home care or service flat
iWinter–spring: Dec–May, summer–autumn: Jun–Nov
jSubgroup n = 494