Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants
| Parameters | Total (N = 13,901) | Men (N = 5996) | Women (N = 7905) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 69.54 ± 7.06 | 68.64 ± 6.53 | 70.23 ± 7.36 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.83 ± 3.24 | 23.36 ± 2.92 | 24.19 ± 3.43 | < 0.001 |
| aEducation, n (%) | ||||
| 0–3 years | 3836 (27.6) | 705 (11.8) | 3131 (39.6) | < 0.001 |
| 4–6 years | 4677 (33.6) | 1890 (31.5) | 2788 (35.3) | |
| ≥ 7 years | 5045 (36.3) | 3288 (54.8) | 1757 (22.2) | |
| Income (10,000 won) | 155.94 ± 185.47 | 176.07 ± 203.48 | 140.67 ± 168.96 | < 0.001 |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||
| Single/married not living with anyone | 2332 (16.8) | 357 (6.0) | 1975 (25.0) | < 0.001 |
| Married/living with someone | 11,569 (83.2) | 5639 (94.0) | 5930 (75.0) | |
| Past/current smokers, n (%) | 4617 (33.2) | 4134 (68.9) | 483 (6.1) | < 0.001 |
| bAlcohol consumption, n (%) | ||||
| No drinking | 8734 (62.8) | 2506 (41.8) | 6229 (78.8) | < 0.001 |
| two times a week (or more) | 2394 (17.2) | 2018 (33.7) | 375 (4.8) | |
| Nutrition score | 3.15 ± 3.18 | 2.80 ± 2.98 | 3.42 ± 3.30 | < 0.001 |
| Number of comorbidity | 1.78 ± 1.50 | 1.42 ± 1.32 | 2.05 ± 1.57 | < 0.001 |
| K-ADL (score) | 7.19 ± 0.98 | 7.20 ± 1.01 | 7.18 ± 0.92 | 0.265 |
| SGDS-K (score) | 4.64 ± 4.37 | 3.92 ± 4.16 | 5.18 ± 4.44 | < 0.001 |
| MMSE-KC (score) | 24.22 ± 4.37 | 25.69 ± 3.52 | 23.11 ± 4.52 | < 0.001 |
| Death, n (%) | 696 (5.0) | 430 (7.2) | 266 (3.4) | < 0.001 |
BMI Body mass index, K-ADL Korean Activities of Daily Living, MMSE-KC Korean version of mini-mental state examination, SGDS-K Korean version of 15-item geriatric depression scale. aMen (n = 113) and women (n = 229) had no data available. bMen (n = 1472) and women (n = 1301) had no data available