Table 4.
Independent and joint effects of handgrip strength and depression on all-cause mortality stratified by sex
| Gender | Exposures | Crude HR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted HR (95% CI)a | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low HGS | Depression | |||||
| Total | Negative | Negative | 1 | 1 | ||
| Negative | Positive | 1.505 (1.129 ~ 2.006) | 0.005 | 1.366 (1.033 ~ 1.807) | 0.029 | |
| Positive | Negative | 1.628 (1.344 ~ 1.973) | < 0.001 | 1.208 (0.782 ~ 1.866) | 0.394 | |
| Positive | Positive | 3.194 (2.635 ~ 3.871) | < 0.001 | 1.961 (1.409 ~ 2.736) | < 0.001 | |
| Men | Negative | Negative | 1 | 1 | ||
| Negative | Positive | 1.682 (1.1.07~2.554) | 0.015 | 1.376 (1.029 ~ 1.841) | 0.031 | |
| Positive | Negative | 1.786 (1.395 ~ 2.287) | < 0.001 | 1.120 (0.694 ~ 1.807) | 0.643 | |
| Positive | Positive | 4.259 (3.308 ~ 5.483) | < 0.001 | 1.861 (1.306 ~ 2.651) | 0.001 | |
| Women | Negative | Negative | 1 | |||
| Negative | Positive | 1.597 (1.070 ~ 2.386) | 0.022 | 0.763 (0.250 ~ 2.325) | 0.634 | |
| Positive | Negative | 1.394 (1.026 ~ 1.894) | 0.034 | 1.339 (0.440 ~ 4.073) | 0.607 | |
| Positive | Positive | 2.670 (1.985 ~ 3.591) | < 0.001 | 2.603 (0.981 ~ 6.908) | 0.055 | |
HR Hazard ratio, CI Confidence interval, HGS Handgrip strength. HRa adjusted for age, sex, BMI, income, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, nutritional risk, comorbidities, K-ADL and MMSE scores, and physical activity