Table 1.

Principles of Good Practice for the Translation and Cultural Adaptation Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Measures

Stage	Détails
Preparation	Evaluation of the source text from a linguistic and cultural point of view including definition of concepts
Forward translations	Forward translation into the required target language by two independent translators
Reconciliation	Comparison of the two forward translations to provide the best adaption and produce a draft version of the text
Back translation	Translation of the draft forward translation back into the targeted language without reference to the original language
Back-translation review	Comparison of the original text and the back translation to verify that the meaning of the draft translation is equivalent to source
Analysis and implementation of back-translation review report	Analysis of the back-translation review report to verify if there are changes required to the draft forward
Pilot testing	Clinical review and cognitive debriefing
Review of cognitive debriefing or clinical review results	Review of the results from the cognitive debriefing or clinical review to identify translation modifications necessary for improvement