Fig. 3.

Rank differences among females in adjacent matrilines are amplified over time due to rank-related variation in reproduction and maternal rank inheritance. (A) The ranks of descendants from four original females in four matrilines occupying adjacent rank positions from 1988 through 2014. Only these four matrilines were considered, because the others either died out or departed during clan fission events to form new clans (those females listed as “other”). (B) The difference in rank between descendants of adjacent matrilines increases over time due to the addition of newly reproductive females to the clan’s dominance hierarchy. As a result, a rank change at any given time point may become amplified into large rank differences.