Table 4.

Levels of evidence rating for the quality of the psychometric properties

Level	Rating*	Criteria†
Strong	+++ or − − −	Test‡ was evaluated in multiple studies of adequate risk of bias score or one study of very good risk of bias score (implying a low risk of bias).
Moderate	++ or − − −	Test was evaluated in multiple studies of doubtful risk of bias score or one study of adequate risk of bias score.
Limited	+ or − − −	Test was evaluated in one study of doubtful risk of bias score.
Conflicting	±	Test was evaluated in studies with contradictory findings.
Unknown	?	Test was evaluated in studies of inadequate risk of bias score or not investigated at all.

Adapted from Kroman et al.⁵⁴

*Sufficient (+), indeterminate (?), or insufficient (-) rating.⁵³

†Modified using the new 4-point scoring system of the updated COSMIN checklist.³⁸

‡A specific knee proprioception test.