Table II:

Correlates of Disability Rates in Older Immigrants

Citation	Immigrant Group(s)	Data set used	Sample	Disability Measure: Name (Scale used)	Major results	Factors (effect on Disability)
(Al Snih et al., 2006)	Mexicans	1993 – 1994 Hispanic EPESE	2675	Functional Disability (Difficulty on ADLs & IADLs)	People with Arthritis had 1.86 higher odds of ADLs and 1.59 odds of IADLs	Arthritis ↑
(Wakabayashi, 2010)	Mexicans	1996–2006 Health & Retirement studies	14,792 (includes Whites, Black and Mexicans)	ADL limitations (Difficulty/unable to perform ADLS)	Women who migrated after age 34 have worse trajectory of ADL limitations	Migration at an older age ↑
(Lum & Vanderaa, 2010)	Hispanic/Latino, African, White Immigrants	Asset and Health Dynamic of the Oldest old (AHEAD) study	7345	ADL& IADL Difficulties (ADL difficulty 1–6 IADL difficulty 1–5)	Older immigrants had one or more ADL and IADL difficulties	Older age ↑
(Mendes de Leon, Carlos F et al., 2011)	Hispanic/Latinos	American Community survey (ACS) 2008	48,419,324	Disability (Difficulty with self-care (ADLs) Difficulty with Independent living (IADLs)	Poorest Hispanic/Latino men had more self-care disability 13.2% Poorest Mexican women had more self-care disability 12.3% Poorest Hispanic/Latino men and women had more independent-living disability at 16.8% and 23.1%	Low income ↑
(Gubernskaya et al., 2013)	All immigrants	2000–2010 ACS data 1998–2010 Integrated Health Interview Series (IHIS)	ACS- 336,948 IHIS - 44,978	Disability (limitations with ADLs and IADLs)	Older adults who migrated between 18 and 35 and became naturalized citizens had lower odds of functional limitations Older adults who migrated after 50 years and became naturalized citizens had higher odds of functional limitation	Migration at a younger age ↓ Migration at an old age ↑
(Son, 2013)	All immigrants	2004 National health Interview survey (NHIS)	13732	Functional difficulties (difficulty with IADLS)	Functional difficulties improve in older age Females had worse functional difficulties Immigrants who drank alcohol had better outcomes Immigrants who exercised had less difficulties	Older age ↓ Female gender ↑ Alcohol intake ↓ Exercise ↓
1st Author, pub year	Immigrant Group(s)	Data set used	Sample	Disability Measure: Name (Scale used)	Major results (Variable in review)	Factors (effect on disability)
(De Souza & Fuller-Thomson, 2013)	Filipino	2006 ACS	5192	Function limitations (ADL limitations Y/N)	Older age associated with increasing higher OR of disability for both men and women Unmarried men/women had increase Odds of disability Odds for disability increases with decreasing education	Older age ↑ Single-unmarried↑ Limited education↑
(Tran et al., 2014)	Vietnamese	2000 Integrated Public Use Microdata Series IPUMS	2610	Functional disability (DIFFCARE- ADL limitations Y/N)	More acculturated had lower functional disability Functional disability increases with age Functional disability decreases with increasing education	Older age ↑ Limited education ↑ Acculturation ↓
(Howrey et al., 2015)	Mexicans	1993 – 2013 Hispanic EPESE	2584, with subset of 2230 (no baseline ADL limitations)	Disability (Modified Katz ADL scale- 0-no help needed ,1-help needed)	Women were more likely to be in rapid ADL decline compared to stable decline Diabetes associated with increase odds of being in rapid disability groups Obesity associated with increase odds in delayed disability group compare to stable Church attendance associated with decrease disability	Female gender ↑ Diabetes ↑ Obesity ↑ Church ↓
(Garcia & Reyes, 2017)	Mexicans	(H-EPESE) 1993–94 1995–96, 1998–99, 2000–2001, 2004–2005, 2007, and 2010–2011	1,483 men 2,051 women	Disability (Independence in ADLs)	Age of migration not related to disability late life for men Less educated older adults have steeper decline in health	Limited education ↑