Table 2:
Homogeneity of participants’ general characteristics and dependent variables before intervention
| Characteristics | Control (N=31) | Health-coaching (N =30) | LMS (N =32) | Health-coaching-with-LMS (N =31) | χ2 or F | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) or Mean ± standard deviation | |||||||
| Age (yr) | 77.70 ± 6.92 | 77.50 ± 6.38 | 77.21 ± 6.69 | 78.25 ± 6.61 | 0.12 | 0.943 | |
| Gender | Male | 20 (64.5) | 19 (63.3) | 12 (37.5) | 17 (54.8) | 5.93 | 0.116 |
| Female | 11(35.5) | 11 (36.7) | 20 (62.5) | 14 (45.2) | |||
| Education level | Illiteracy | 1 (3.2) | 3 (10.0) | 1 (3.1) | 3 (9.7) | 10.18 | 0.602 |
| Elementary school | 3 (9.7) | 4 (13.3) | 9 (28.1) | 4 (12.9) | |||
| Middle school | 7 (22.6) | 5 (16.7) | 4 (12.5) | 9 (29.0) | |||
| High school | 13 (41.9) | 11 (36.7) | 13 (40.6) | 12 (38.7) | |||
| ≥ College graduate | 7 (22.6) | 7 (23.3) | 5 (15.6) | 3 (9.7) | |||
| Duration of hypertension diagnosis (year) | 14.38 ± 10.01 | 13.73 ± 8.40 | 13.87 ± 10.58 | 11.61 ± 8.07 | 0.49 | 0.686 | |
| Exercise | No | 4 (12.9) | 5 (16.7) | 5 (15.6) | 3 (9.7) | 7.63 | 0.578 |
| 1∼2 times/week | 6 (19.4) | 1 (3.3) | 5 (15.6) | 7 (22.6) | |||
| 3∼4 times/week | 8 (25.8) | 10 (33.3) | 12 (37.5) | 11 (35.5) | |||
| ≥ 5 times/week | 13 (41.9) | 14 (46.7) | 10 (31.3) | 10 (32.3) | |||
| Smoking | Yes | 3 (9.7) | 1 (3.3) | 3 (9.4) | 1 (3.2) | 1.94† | 0.630 |
| No | 28 (90.3) | 29 (96.7) | 29 (90.6) | 30 (96.8) | |||
| Alcohol use | Yes | 7 (22.6) | 8 (26.7) | 4 (12.5) | 10 (32.2) | 3.67 | 0.313 |
| No | 24 (77.4) | 22 (73.3) | 28 (87.5) | 21 (67.7) | |||
| BMI | 21.30 ± 2.19 | 21.36 ± 2.31 | 22.44 ± 2.08 | 21.67 ± 2.00 | 1.85 | 0.142 | |
| Hypertension self-efficacy | 7.66 ± 1.23 | 7.85 ± 0.91 | 7.61 ± 1.08 | 7.40 ± 1.06 | 0.86 | 0.460 | |
| Self-management behavior | 60.32 ± 10.01 | 62.20 ± 8.35 | 64.40 ± 7.53 | 59.19 ± 9.18 | 2.11 | 0.102 | |
| Hypertension-related knowledge | 7.93 ± 1.91 | 7.66 ± 1.91 | 7.90 ± 1.65 | 7.87 ± 1.91 | 0.15 | 0.927 | |
| Medication adherence | 0.74 ± 1.06 | 0.66 ± 0.84 | 0.59 ± 1.01 | 0.74 ± 1.15 | 0.49 | 0.921 | |
| Systolic BP | 140.03 ± 11.60 | 141.16 ± 18.28 | 142.90 ± 12.08 | 142.00 ± 13.33 | 0.23 | 0.868 | |
| Diastolic BP | 88.06 ± 6.44 | 87.10 ± 10.54 | 87.25 ± 7.87 | 86.61 ± 5.63 | 0.51 | 0.676 | |
LMS: long-message services
†
Tested using the Fisher’s exact test