Table 1. Comparison of demographic characteristics, comorbidities, laboratory findings and comprehensive geriatric assessment parameters according to frailty status.

	Robust (n = 99)	Prefrail (n = 205)	Frail ( n = 192)	1P value	2P value	3P value
Age, yrs	71.41 ± 6.49	74.77 ± 7.13	78.16 ± 7.00	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Female	52.5%	69.8%	81.3%	< 0.001	0.008	0.003
Education year	8.62 ± 4.60	6.90 ± 4.47	5.39 ± 4.30	< 0.001	0.001	0.001
BMI, kg/m2	27.61 ± 4.54	28.46 ± 4.68	28.81 ± 5.75	0.083	0.616	0.127
Comorbidities (%)
Falls	32.7	35.1	52.9	0.001	0.001	0.710
Dementia	13.1	19.9	31.2	0.001	0.011	0.148
Cerebrovascular disease	8.1	4.9	7.3	0.809	0.313	0.268
Peripheral vascular disease	7.1	9.3	6.3	0.788	0.263	0.521
Depression	36.4	41	57.8	0.001	0.001	0.441
Hypertension	54.5	66.3	70.3	0.008	0.396	0.046
Diabetes mellitus	23.2	29.3	31.8	0.128	0.588	0.268
Hyperlipidemia	15.2	22.9	15.1	0.991	0.048	0.115
Coronary artery disease	20.2	19.5	19.3	0.850	0.952	0.887
Congestive heart failure	2	4.4	10.4	0.01	0.021	0.300
COPD	12.1	7.8	13.5	0.733	0.063	0.223
Hypothyroidism	15.2	26.8	18.2	0.510	0.041	0.023
Polypharmacy	45.5	58	61.5	0.009	0.489	0.039
Parkinson's disease	5.8	5.4	8.2	0.378	0.254	0.861
Class of drugs (%)
ARB	29.3	34.1	35.4	0.294	0.791	0.397
ACEI	15.2	13.7	11.5	0.370	0.509	0.726
Beta-blockers	32.3	30.7	30.7	0.781	1.000	0.779
Calcium channel blockers	16.2	25.9	32.3	0.003	0.158	0.059
Diuretics	27.3	35.6	42.2	0.013	0.179	0.147
Alfa-blockers	14.1	8.8	5.7	0.015	0.243	0.153
Insulin	2	7.8	7.8	0.046	0.998	0.045
Antidepressant	31.3	36.1	44.8	0.026	0.078	0.411
Antipsychotic	3	5.4	8.3	0.130	0.241	0.363
Anti-parkinson	6.1	5.9	9.9	0.269	0.134	0.943
Laboratory findings
Hemoglobin, g/dL	13.44 ± 1.25	12.63 ± 1.34	12.35 ± 1.32	< 0.001	0.068	< 0.001
Glucose, mg/dL	106.84 ± 38.9	112.67 ± 54.14	117.16 ± 47.83	0.005	0.029	0.283
Albumin, g/L	4.12 ± 0.33	4.04 ± 0.32	3.92 ± 0.36	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.039
TSH, mg/dL	1.46 ± 0.90	1.67 ± 1.40	1.87 ± 3.26	0.894	0.596	0.592
Vitamin B12, pg/mL	422.71 ± 365.15	420.44 ± 320.70	438.97 ± 341.23	0.294	0.953	0.306
25(OH)D, ng/mL	25.81 ± 10.07	23.51 ± 10.56	24.95 ± 16.95	0.111	0.878	0.026
Geriatric assessment
MMSE	25.89 ± 5.16	23.81 ± 6.33	20.35 ± 6.90	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.022
YGDS	1.90 ± 2.55	2.90 ± 2.98	5.62 ± 3.86	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.003
Basic ADLs	95.43 ± 5.67	90.53 ± 9.90	79.32 ± 15.62	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Instrumental ADLs	20.37 ± 3.74	17.94 ± 5.70	12.79 ± 6.74	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Tinetti-Gait	11.48 ± 1.16	10.98 ± 1.59	9.02 ± 263	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.001
Tinetti-Balance	15.29 ± 1.42	14.59 ± 1.89	11.54 ± 3.81	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
POMA	26.77 ± 2.34	25.57 ± 3.30	20.56 ± 6.08	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Up&Go Test	10.57 ± 3.08	12.73 ± 5.45	22.36 ± 14.61	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
MNA score	13.01 ± 1.52	12.70 ± 1.69	11.43 ± 2.35	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.029

Data are presented as mean ± SD or %. 25(oH)D: 25-hydroxyvitamin D; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ADLs: activities of daily living; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MMSE: mini-mental state examination; POMA: performance-oriented mobility assessment; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone; YGDS: YesavageGeriatric Depression Scale. ¹P: comparisons for between frail and robust group; ²P: comparisons for between frail and pre-frail group; ³P: comparisons for between pre-frail and robust group.