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. 2019 Mar;16(3):182–241. doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2019.03.014

Table 7. Important factors influencing cardiovascular prognosis in hypertensive patients.

Cardiovascular risk factors TOD Concomitant clinical diseases

  • Hypertension (Grade 1–3)

  • Man > 55 years

  • Woman > 65 years

  • Smoking or passive smoking

  • Left ventricular hypertrophy electrocardiogram: Sokolow-Lyon voltage > 3.8 mV or Cornell product > 244 mV·ms

    Echocardiogram: LVMI (man ≥ 115 g/m2, woman ≥ 95 g/m2)

  • Cerebrovascular disease

    Cerebral hemorrhage

    Ischemic stroke

    Transient ischemic attack

  • Impaired glucose tolerance (7.8–11.0 mmol/L for 2-h blood glucose) and/or impaired fasting glucose (6.1–6.9 mmol/L)

 Carotid ultrasonography (IMT ≥ 0.9 mm) or atherosclerotic plaque

  • Heart disease

    History of myocardial infarction

    Angina pectoris

    Coronary revascularization

    Congestive heart failure

    Atrial fibrillation

  • Dyslipidemia

    TC ≥ 6.2 mmol/L (240 mg/dL)

    or LDL-C ≥ 4.1 mmol/L (160 mg/dL) or

    HDL-C < 1.0 mmol/L (40 mg/dL)

  • Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity ≥ 12 m/s (*optional)

  • Ankle/Brachial index < 0.9 (*optional)

  • Renal disease:

    Diabetic nephropathy

    Renal dysfunction

    Including eGFR < 30 mL/min per 1.73 m2; elevated serum creatinine: man ≥ 133 µmol/L (1.5 mg/dL), woman ≥ 124 µmol/L (1.4 mg/dL); proteinuria: (≥ 300 mg/24 h)

  • Family history of early onset cardiovascular disease (onset of first-degree relatives at age < 50 years)

  • Abdominal obesity

    (waist circumference: Man ≥ 90 cm, Woman ≥ 85 cm)

    or obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2)

  • Reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR 30–59 mL/min per 1.73 m2) or slight increase in serum creatinine:

    Man 115–133 µmol/L (1. 3–1. 5 mg/dL,

    Woman 107–124 µmol/L (1.2–1.4 mg/dL)

  • Peripheral vascular disease

  • Advanced retinopathy:

    Hemorrhages or exudates;

    Papilloedema

  • Hyperhomocysteinemia (≥ 15 µmol/L)

  • Microalbuminuria: 30–300 mg/24 h or albumin/creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g (3.5 mg/mmol)

  • Diabetes mellitus

    Newly diagnosed:

    Fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL); postprandial blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL)

    Treated but not controlled:

    Glycated hemoglobin: (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5%

BMI: body mass index; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; IMT: intima media thickness; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; TC: total cholesterol; TOD: Target organ damage.