Table 1.
Participants' general characteristics.
| Category | 2013 | 2015 | P-value | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 545 | 545 | 0.983 | 1090 (49.5) |
| Female | 556 | 556 | 1111 (50.5) | |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 20–29 | 183 (16.6) | 194 (17.6) | 0.852 | 377 (17.1) |
| 30–39 | 224 (20.3) | 204 (18.5) | 428 (19.4) | |
| 40–49 | 243 (22.1) | 234 (21.3) | 477 (21.7) | |
| 50–59 | 217 (19.7) | 218 (19.8) | 435 (19.8) | |
| 60–69 | 120 (10.9) | 130 (11.8) | 250 (11.4) | |
| Over 70 | 114 (10.4) | 120 (10.9) | 234 (10.6) | |
| Mean | 46.4 ± 15.3 | 46.6 ± 15.6 | 0.731 | 46.5 ± 15.4 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.0 | 23.2 ± 2.8 | 0.937 | 23.2 ± 2.9 |
| Drinking∗ | ||||
| Current drinker | 961 (87.3) | 720 (65.5) | < 0.001 | 1681 (76.4) |
| Not drinking | 140 (12.7) | 380 (34.5) | 520 (23.6) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| Current smoker | 293 (26.6) | 275 (25.0) | 0.387 | 568 (25.8) |
| Not smoking | 808 (73.4) | 825 (75.0) | 1633 (74.2) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| With spouse | 814 (74.0) | 777 (70.6) | 0.078 | 1591 (72.3) |
| Without spouse | 286 (26.0) | 323 (29.4) | 609 (27.7) | |
| Income† | ||||
| Under 200 | 199 (18.2) | 142 (12.9) | 0.001 | 341 (15.5) |
| 200–300 | 219 (20.0) | 187 (17.0) | 406 (18.5) | |
| 300–400 | 299 (27.3) | 325 (29.5) | 624 (28.4) | |
| 400–500 | 167 (15.3) | 184 (16.7) | 351 (16.0) | |
| Over 500 | 211 (19.3) | 262 (23.8) | 473 (21.5) | |
| Occupation$ | ||||
| Office | 219 (19.9) | 253 (23.0) | 0.130 | 472 (21.4) |
| Service | 390 (35.4) | 394 (35.8) | 784 (35.6) | |
| Others | 492 (44.7) | 453 (41.2) | 945 (42.9) | |
| Education | ||||
| ≤ Middle school | 208 (19.0) | 162 (14.7) | 0.017 | 370 (16.9) |
| High school | 420 (38.4) | 466 (42.4) | 886 (40.4) | |
| ≥ University | 466 (42.6) | 472 (42.9) | 938 (42.8) | |
| Hands score | 3.5 ± 1.6 | 3.4 ± 1.5 | 0.413 | 3.4±1.6 |
| Feet score | 3.5 ± 1.6 | 3.5 ± 1.5 | 0.973 | 3.5±1.6 |
| Abdomen score | 3.6 ± 1.5 | 3.6 ± 1.4 | 0.627 | 3.6±1.4 |
|
| ||||
| Total | 1101 (50.0) | 1100 (50.0) | 2201 (100) | |
Data are shown as n (%) or the mean ± standard deviation. P values were calculated by chi-square test or Student's t-test
∗ “Current drinker” was defined as alcohol consumption at least once a month; “Not drinking” was defined as alcohol consumption less than once a month.
† Average monthly household income (unit: 10,000 KRW)
$ “Office” includes administrative, professional, and clerical work; “Service” includes service and sales industries; “Others” includes skilled or machine work, labour, agriculture and forestry, fishing, and unemployment.