Table 3.

Confounders to Accurate Results for the Main Testing Platforms [11, 42–45]

	LNSC	UFC	DST
Drugs/conditions that give false positives
Exercise/stress	X	X	X
Smoking	X
Disrupted sleep (e.g., shift work)	X
Topical hydrocortisone (contamination of sample)	X
Proteinuria		X
Polyuria		X
Anticonvulsants	X	X
Fenofibrate		X
Synthetic glucocorticoids		X
Pregnancy	X	X	X
Alcoholism	X	X	X
Depression	X	X	X
Estrogen therapy			X
Drugs that induce CYP3A4			X
Drugs that inhibit 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (e.g., licorice, carbenoxolone)	X	X
Drugs/conditions that give false negatives
Renal disease		X	X
Urinary tract infection		X
Liver failure			X
Drugs that inhibit CYP3A4			X

Abbreviation: CYP3A4, cytochrome P450 3A4.