TABLE 9.
Systematic review questions, conclusion statements, and grades of the evidence supporting the conclusion statements
| Systematic review questions | Conclusion statements |
|---|---|
| What is the relationship between never versus ever feeding human milk and food allergies, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma throughout the life span? | Moderate evidence suggests that never, in comparison to ever, being fed human milk is associated with higher risk of childhood asthma. (Grade: moderate)Limited evidence does not suggest a relationship between never versus ever being fed human milk and atopic dermatitis in childhood. (Grade: limited)Evidence about the relationship between never versus ever being fed human milk and atopic dermatitis from birth to 24 mo is inconclusive, and there is insufficient evidence to determine the relationship of never versus ever being fed human milk with food allergies throughout the life span, allergic rhinitis throughout the life span, asthma in adolescence or in adulthood, and atopic dermatitis in adolescence or in adulthood. (Grade: grade not assignable) |
| What is the relationship between shorter versus longer durations of any human milk feeding and food allergies, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma throughout the life span? | Moderate evidence, mostly from observational studies, suggests that, among infants fed human milk, shorter versus longer durations of any human milk feeding are associated with higher risk of asthma in childhood and adolescence. (Grade: moderate)Limited evidence does not suggest a relationship between the duration of any human milk feeding and allergic rhinitis or atopic dermatitis in childhood. (Grade: limited)Evidence about the relationship between shorter versus longer durations of any human milk feeding and atopic dermatitis from birth to 24 mo is inconclusive, and there is insufficient evidence to determine the relationship of shorter versus longer durations of any human milk feeding with food allergies throughout the life span; allergic rhinitis from birth to 24 mo, in adolescence, or in adulthood; asthma in adulthood; and atopic dermatitis in adolescence or in adulthood. (Grade: grade not assignable) |
| What is the relationship between shorter versus longer durations of exclusive human milk feeding prior to the introduction of infant formula and food allergies, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma throughout the life span? | There is insufficient evidence to determine the relationship between shorter versus longer durations of exclusive human milk feeding prior to the introduction of infant formula and food allergies, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma throughout the life span. (Grade: grade not assignable) |
| What is the relationship between feeding a lower versus higher intensity, proportion, or amount of human milk to mixed-fed infants and food allergies, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma throughout the life span? | There is no evidence to determine the relationship between feeding a lower versus higher intensity, proportion, or amount of human milk to mixed-fed infants and food allergies, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma throughout the life span. (Grade: grade not assignable) |
| What is the relationship between feeding a higher intensity, proportion, or amount of human milk by bottle versus by breast and food allergies, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma throughout the life span? | There is no evidence to determine the relationship between feeding a higher intensity, proportion, or amount of human milk by bottle versus by breast and food allergies, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma throughout the life span. (Grade: grade not assignable) |