Table 1.
Patient encounter characteristics
| Variablea | No MAKE30 | MAKE30 |
|---|---|---|
| N | 1524 | 161 |
| Age, yr | 8 (3–13) | 10 (3–14) |
| Age categories | ||
| 6 mo to <1 yr | 89 (6) | 14 (9) |
| 1 to <6 yr | 530 (35) | 41 (25) |
| 6 to <13 yr | 479 (31) | 53 (33) |
| 13 to <18 yr | 426 (28) | 53 (33) |
| Sex, girls | 758 (50) | 71 (44) |
| Race | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1042 (68) | 115 (71) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 209 (14) | 16 (10) |
| Hispanic | 121 (8) | 11 (7) |
| Asian | 47 (3) | 4 (3) |
| Other | 105 (7) | 15 (9) |
| Payer | ||
| Private | 693 (45) | 76 (47) |
| Government | 696 (46) | 65 (41) |
| Other payer | 135 (9) | 20 (12) |
| Admission through EDb | 1284 (84) | 125 (78) |
| Pediatric ICU admissionb | 974 (64) | 126 (78) |
| Number of complex chronic conditionsb | ||
| None | 272 (18) | 10 (6) |
| One | 259 (17) | 30 (19) |
| Two | 231 (15) | 22 (14) |
| Three or more | 762 (50) | 99 (61) |
| Type of complex chronic condition | ||
| Cardiovascular | 325 (21) | 45 (28) |
| Respiratory | 255 (17) | 14 (9) |
| Neurologic/neuromuscular | 483 (32) | 51 (32) |
| Hematologic/immunodeficiencyb | 201 (13) | 34 (21) |
| Malignancy | 307 (20) | 42 (26) |
| Kidney/urologicb | 164 (11) | 57 (35) |
| Gastrointestinalb | 660 (43) | 51 (32) |
| Metabolicb | 231 (15) | 47 (30) |
| Other congenital/genetic | 194 (13) | 19 (12) |
| Neonatal | 50 (3) | 5 (3) |
| Technology dependency | 737 (48) | 88 (55) |
| Transplantationb | 214 (14) | 35 (22) |
| Creatinine, mg/dl, baselinec | 0.3 (0.3–0.5) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2, baselined | 107 (107–177) | 115 (107–190) |
| AKIb,e | ||
| Stage 1 | 145 (10) | 10 (6) |
| Stage 2 | 289 (19) | 31 (19) |
| Stage 3 | 120 (8) | 87 (54) |
| Therapies | ||
| Noninvasive mechanical ventilation | 209 (14) | 26 (16) |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation, ETTb | 698 (46) | 111 (69) |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation, tracheostomy | 164 (11) | 10 (6) |
| Lactated Ringer fluid | 30 (2) | 3 (2) |
| Blood transfusionb | 49 (3) | 13 (8) |
| Vasoactive medicationb | 574 (38) | 107 (67) |
| Corticosteroidsb | 559 (37) | 88 (55) |
| Diureticsb | 537 (35) | 95 (59) |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenationb | 19 (1) | 12 (8) |
| NINJA drug exposure | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 491 (32) | 64 (40) |
| Two or more nonaminoglycoside NINJA drugs | 713 (47) | 71 (44) |
| Fewer than two NINJA drugs and no aminoglycoside | 320 (21) | 26 (16) |
MAKE30, major adverse kidney events within 30 days; ED, emergency department; ICU, intensive care unit; ETT, endotracheal tube; NINJA, nephrotoxic injury negated by just-in-time action (25).
Data are presented as n (percentage) or median (interquartile range).
Variable differed between patients with MAKE30 versus patients without MAKE30 at the P<0.05 level.
Baseline creatinine was measured for 988 (59%) patients and imputed for 697 (41%) patients.
Baseline eGFR was calculated using the height-independent equation: eGFR (milliliters per kilogram per 1.73 m2)=107.3/(measured or estimated baseline creatinine/Q), whereas Q is equal to the median serum creatinine concentration for children on the basis of age and sex (Supplemental Table 4) (30).
Stage 2 and 3 AKI within the first 7 days of admission was determined using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes classification system (26).